{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:10:08Z","timestamp":1790082608129,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nausea or vomiting are common adverse events (AEs) associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and often decline over time despite continued exposure, suggesting tolerance development. However, the longitudinal dynamics of recurrent events and tolerance have not been quantitatively characterized for efpeglenatide. This study aimed to characterize efpeglenatide-induced nausea\/vomiting in non-diabetic patients with obesity using repeated time-to-event (RTTE) modeling and to explore its implications for dose-escalation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from six clinical trials were pooled, and 678 participants with obesity and\/or type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in the analysis. A total of 672 nausea or vomiting events were analyzed using a sequential PK\u2013AE approach based on a previously developed population pharmacokinetic model. Separate RTTE models were developed for an obesity population and a pooled total population. The models incorporated baseline hazard, a time-decaying non-drug effect, and an exposure-driven drug effect with tolerance linked to cumulative exposure (AUC). Model performance was evaluated using bootstrap and visual predictive checks, and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess nine dose-escalation scenarios. The obesity model served as the primary model for predicting dosing regimen\u2013dependent AE patterns, whereas the pooled total model was used as an exploratory model to assess the concentration\u2013AE response relationship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 678 participants, 247 (36.4%) experienced at least one episode of nausea or vomiting. In the obesity model, the exposure\u2013hazard relationship was best described by a log-linear function. The estimated AUC associated with 50% tolerance development was 109,872\u00a0h\u00a0ng\/mL in the obesity model. Among the nine dosing scenarios, the Case 1\u20134 titration regimens achieved approximately 50% tolerance within 3\u20134 weeks while maintaining a lower early AE burden than high fixed-dose regimens. Low fixed-dose regimens delayed tolerance development, whereas high fixed-dose regimens increased the early AE burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Efpeglenatide-associated nausea or vomiting was well characterized using an exposure-driven RTTE framework, and early cumulative exposure appeared to play a central role in tolerance development. These findings suggest that, in non-diabetic patients with obesity, stepwise titration of efpeglenatide may help optimize tolerability by mitigating early AE burden while allowing sufficient cumulative exposure for tolerance development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1846164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T12:23:05Z","timestamp":1790079785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposure-driven tolerance modeling of efpeglenatide-induced nausea or vomiting using repeated time-to-event analysis: implications for dose-escalation strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiyoung","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Asan Medical Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungchan","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asan Medical Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NaYoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd.","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeeun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd.","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeong-Seok","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asan Medical Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12351","article-title":"NONMEM tutorial part I: description of commands and options, with simple examples of population analysis","volume":"8","author":"Bauer","year":"","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. 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