{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T06:07:12Z","timestamp":1784786832124,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Euonymus alatus: (EA), a traditional Chinese botanical drug documented in the Shennong Ben Cao Jing, has been investigated for its potential anti-diabetic effects. This review systematically examines the phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and anti-diabetic mechanisms of this botanical drug. Over 230 metabolites, including flavonoids, triterpenoids, and lignans, have been identified from EA. Pharmacokinetic studies remain limited; computational predictions suggest that some metabolites may exhibit oral bioavailability, but classical pharmacokinetic parameters have not been experimentally determined for any EA metabolite. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that EA exerts anti-diabetic effects through multiple experimentally validated pathways: (i) inhibiting alpha-glucosidase activity to delay intestinal glucose absorption; (ii) activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase\/protein kinase B signaling pathways to ameliorate insulin resistance; (iii) modulating gut microbiota composition and increasing short-chain fatty acid production; (iv) suppressing the advanced glycation end products-receptor for advanced glycation end products axis along with the nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase inflammatory pathways to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses; and (v) regulating diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity to improve lipid metabolism. Preclinical studies indicate that EA reduces blood glucose and improves markers of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Clinical studies of EA-containing formulations report reductions in fasting blood glucose and urinary protein. However, the clinical evidence remains limited by small sample sizes, lack of rigorous controls, and multi-botanical drug compositions that preclude attribution of effects to individual components. This review provides a critical synthesis of current evidence and identifies priorities for future investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1848743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:40:53Z","timestamp":1784785253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Euonymus alatus in diabetes: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and anti-diabetic mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Li-Dan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong-Yang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Yao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prenap.2024.100102","article-title":"Unveiling the medicinal potential of Euonymus alatus (thunb.) siebold: from traditional knowledge to mechanistic understanding","volume":"5","author":"Acharya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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