{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:22:46Z","timestamp":1787743366097,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Quillaja: is an abundant source of triterpenic saponins, glycosides with immunostimulant properties, currently employed as vaccine adjuvants. Although current research and commercial applications have focused on the most abundant saponins in\n                    <jats:italic>Quillaja<\/jats:italic>\n                    extracts (QS-7, QS-17, QS-18 and QS-21), the vast chemical variety in\n                    <jats:italic>Quillaja<\/jats:italic>\n                    saponins remains largely unexplored. The discovery of new saponins suited as vaccine adjuvants would open the door to a wider supply of adjuvants in the future. This paper describes the isolation and chemical characterization of Saponin FR, a new saponin fraction purified from extracts of a\n                    <jats:italic>Quillaja<\/jats:italic>\n                    specimen depleted of traditional saponins QS-7, QS-17, QS-18 and QS-21. The main component of this fraction is a bidesmosidic glycoside of quillaic acid substituted at C-3 and C-28 (molecular mass 2003.93\u00a0Da). Mass and NMR spectroscopies characterization revealed a structure similar to QS-21 where the 3-O-[\u03b2-d-xylopyranosyl-(1\u21923)-[\u03b2-d-galactopyranosyl-(1\u21922)]-\u03b2-d-glucuronopyranoside] is replaced by a 3-O-[\u03b1-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1\u21923)-[\u03b2-d-galactopyranosyl-(1\u21922)]-\u03b2-d-glucuronopyranoside] substituent at position C3. Tests in mice immunized with ovalbumin demonstrated that Saponin FR induces a tenfold increase of the total immunoglobulin titer compared to the antigen control without Saponin FR (mostly IgG1 type). Cytokine analysis of serum samples showed a significant increase of IFN-\u03b3 upon immunization with Saponin FR. By contrast the production of cytokines IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 was not observed, suggesting a pro-inflammatory Th1 response. Regarding the antimicrobial effect of Saponin FR,\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC25923 and\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 1705 were susceptible to concentrations as low as 0.12\u00a0\u00b5M and the same effect was observed against a clinical isolate of\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Saponin FR was also effective as antiviral agent evaluated in\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays using HeLa cells infected with the human adenovirus 5 (VR-5), significantly reducing its infectivity at concentrations as low as 1\u00a0nM in\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays. Finally, Saponin FR showed remarkable antiproliferative activity against gastric (AGS 1739) and cervix (HeLa CRM-CCL-2) adenocarcinoma cell lines with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of 2.9 and 2.6 \u00b5M, respectively. Overall, Saponin FR broadens the spectrum of\n                    <jats:italic>Quillaja<\/jats:italic>\n                    saponins for new vaccine adjuvant, antimicrobial, antiviral and antitumoral formulations with potential clinical application.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1856067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:57:12Z","timestamp":1787741832000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The characterization of a rhamnosylated triterpenic saponin from Quillaja saponaria Mol. reveals novel adjuvant, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiproliferative properties"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bobadilla-Fazzini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Desert King Chile","place":["Valpara\u00edso, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Marchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso","place":["Valpara\u00edso, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Grohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Berlin University of Applied Sciences","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leda","family":"Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso","place":["Valpara\u00edso, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desert King Chile","place":["Valpara\u00edso, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(87)90084-2","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity of a saponin from Anagallis arvensis, primulaceae, against herpes simplex virus and poliovirus","volume":"8","author":"Amoros","year":"1987","journal-title":"Antivir. 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