{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:03:12Z","timestamp":1784782992826,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["380558\/2026-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["380558\/2026-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["305778\/2023-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305778\/2023-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/11264-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/11264-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025\/01407-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025\/01407-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/11936-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/11936-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Crotamine is a low-molecular-weight cationic polypeptide isolated from\n                    <jats:italic>Crotalus durissus terrificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    snake venom, classified as a non-enzymatic toxin with distinctive structural and functional properties. This toxin also exhibits characteristics of a cell-penetrating peptide, owing to its ability to translocate across biological membranes in a largely non-specific manner and to deliver diverse molecular cargos into cells. Beyond its well-established internalization capacity, emerging evidence suggests that crotamine exerts immunomodulatory effects. In our mini review, we discuss current advances in understanding crotamine as a venom-derived immunomodulatory peptide, highlighting its structural similarities with host defense peptides, its interactions with immune cells, and its potential applications in immunotherapy and drug delivery.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1860014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:30:06Z","timestamp":1784781006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunomodulatory properties of venom-derived crotamine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Isadora","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Federal University of Roraima","place":["Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabela","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas","place":["Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Alberghini-dos-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Cerni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Federal University of Roraima","place":["Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Pucca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University","place":["Araraquara, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(02)00348-8","article-title":"Expression and activity of potassium ion channels in human prostate cancer","volume":"186","author":"Abdul","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2024.107746","article-title":"Effects of crotamine in human prostate cancer cell line","volume":"243","author":"Alberghini-dos-Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.235","article-title":"The protein data bank","volume":"28","author":"Berman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560021002","article-title":"Disulfide bonds and the stability of globular proteins","volume":"2","author":"Betz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444913018003","article-title":"Structure of the polypeptide crotamine from the Brazilian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus","volume":"69","author":"Coronado","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. 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