{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:58:59Z","timestamp":1786121939679,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004312","name":"Eli Lilly and Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It has long been established that the central nervous system (CNS) is a highly privileged space, with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) acting as the gatekeeper that allows or denies access to the brain by nutrients, drugs, and toxins. The BBB, however, is not the only barrier at play. The barrier between blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) also has a critical role in guarding and feeding the CNS, but despite its importance, the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) remains relatively unexplored compared to the BBB, particularly with regard to models that do not rely on animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Given the lack of physiologically relevant\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      models and the divergence between humans and animal models, we created an organ-on-chip\/microphysiological system to model the human BCSFB (hBCSFB) that can act as a new approach methodology (NAM) platform for interrogating physiological functions, evaluating drug delivery technologies and xenobiotic transport, and assessing the safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action of biopharmaceuticals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By leveraging advanced microfluidic organ chip design and gravity perfusion, we have generated a hBCSFB organ chip that recapitulates many of the physiologically relevant characteristics of this barrier, including junctional protein expression, permeability less than 1.55e-5 cm\/s, transcytosis that showed dose-dependent accumulation of 10%\u201335%, and selective transport that was both statistically significant (p \u2264 0.05) and reproducible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Having achieved these benchmarks and validated their reproducibility, this work provides a useful\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      system optimized for the qualitative and quantitative study of pharmacological and toxicological interactions involving the hBCSFB.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1861778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T07:38:32Z","timestamp":1786088312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microphysiological modeling of the Blood-CSF barrier for biopharmaceutical transport and sequestration: evaluation of PEG-induced accumulation and vacuolation in the choroid plexus epithelium"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jacquelyn Ann","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Pathobiology and Therapeutics Institute, University of Pittsburgh","place":["Pittsburgh, PA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of 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