{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T06:15:46Z","timestamp":1783577746352,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Intramural\/CD\/2023\/IIRP\/2023-0000043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Intramural\/CD\/2023\/IIRP\/2023-0000043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The growing issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria, particularly among the ESKAPE pathogens, has prompted the need to explore additional treatment options.\n                      <jats:italic>Euphorbia hirta<\/jats:italic>\n                      L. (\n                      <jats:italic>E. hirta<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is a botanical drug plant with antimicrobial activities attributed to its biologically active metabolites, namely flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines to assess the antimicrobial effects of\n                      <jats:italic>E. hirta<\/jats:italic>\n                      against critical bacterial pathogens. A systematic search and collection of data from 27 peer\u2010 reviewed articles on the antimicrobial potential of\n                      <jats:italic>E. hirta<\/jats:italic>\n                      against different bacteria were conducted. Extraction solvents such as ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and water were considered in this systematic review. The antimicrobial potential of\n                      <jats:italic>E. hirta<\/jats:italic>\n                      was assessed using methods such as MIC, MBC, and diffusion assays (disk and well diffusion).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Petroleum ether extract of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli, S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed the lowest MICs (0.4, 0.125, and 0.4 mg\/mL, respectively), while ethanol extracts exhibited potent activity against S. aureus (14.53 mg\/mL), K. pneumoniae (19.73 mg\/mL),\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (20.06 mg\/ mL), and\n                      <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (29 mg\/mL). Chloroform extracts showed a relatively constant moderate level of activity against most of the organisms tested. It ranged from 1.45 mg\/mL for\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In general, non-polar solvents such as petroleum ether and chloroform provided better results than their polar counterparts, like methanol (up to 100 mg\/mL).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The reported in vitro interactions between\n                      <jats:italic>E. hirta<\/jats:italic>\n                      fractions and conventional antibiotics, such as the observed reduction in MICs for cefepime and ciprofloxacin, suggest a potential resistance\u2010modifying effect. However, these findings remain preliminary and unsubstantiated for clinical translation. Future research should prioritize bioassay\u2010guided isolation, mechanistic studies and the development of standardized formulations for its integration into clinical practice for addressing antimicrobial resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>website, identifier CRD420251025371.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1862731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:35:38Z","timestamp":1783575338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Euphorbia hirta L. as a potential resistance-modifying agent against ESKAPE pathogens: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kamran","family":"Zaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR National Institute of Traditional Medicine (ICMR-NITM)","place":["Belagavi, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivani","family":"Tendulkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR National Institute of Traditional Medicine (ICMR-NITM)","place":["Belagavi, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalesh","family":"Karun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR National Institute of Traditional Medicine (ICMR-NITM)","place":["Belagavi, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flemin","family":"Felix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR National Institute of Traditional Medicine (ICMR-NITM)","place":["Belagavi, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kranthi Kiran","family":"Akula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR National Institute of Traditional Medicine (ICMR-NITM)","place":["Belagavi, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Hiremath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR National Institute of Traditional Medicine (ICMR-NITM)","place":["Belagavi, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surthi","family":"Ravedar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR National Institute of Traditional Medicine (ICMR-NITM)","place":["Belagavi, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tejaswini","family":"Salunkhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR National Institute of Traditional Medicine (ICMR-NITM)","place":["Belagavi, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jainabbi","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR National Institute of Traditional Medicine (ICMR-NITM)","place":["Belagavi, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asif","family":"Kavathekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR National Institute of Traditional Medicine (ICMR-NITM)","place":["Belagavi, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyothi","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR National Institute of Traditional Medicine (ICMR-NITM)","place":["Belagavi, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of Euphorbia hirta against some bacteria associated with enteric infections\n          \n          498\n          505\n          \n            \n              Abubakar\n              E.-M. 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