{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T06:18:11Z","timestamp":1783491491971,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drug intervention is a key method for preventing gout, various drugs have been implicated as potential risk factors in individual studies. This study aims to comprehensively identify drugs linked to the development of gout.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were obtained from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), and disproportionality analysis was employed to quantitatively assess the associations between drugs and gout. Four complementary signal detection methods\u2014Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR), Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network (BCPNN), and Multi-item Gamma Poisson Shrinker (MGPS)\u2014were utilized. To further delineate exposure\u2013outcome relationships and identify influential predictors, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression was implemented. Time-to-onset (TTO) analysis was conducted to examine the temporal dynamics between drug initiation and the occurrence of gout. Finally, a comprehensive assessment of the therapeutic indications of the drugs was performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 35 drugs were ultimately identified as potentially associated with the onset and progression of gout. Among these, several agents have been previously reported in the literature as having possible links to gout development. In addition, a number of novel candidates were detected for which evidence of an association with gout remains limited or has not been clearly established. These include Lenalidomide, Sacubitril valsartan, Ruxolitinib, Treprostinil, Octreotide, Selexipag, Rosuvastatin, Sitagliptin, Riociguat, Epoprostenol, Patiromer, Dasabuvir ombitasvir paritaprevir ritonavir, Tafamidis, Sparsentan, and Iloprost. Furthermore, TTO analysis suggested that approximately 75% of gout events occurred within 0.6 years following initiation of therapy. These pharmacotherapeutic agents are employed across diverse clinical settings, encompassing haematological malignancies, cardiovascular diseases, and pulmonary hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest the potential for targeted monitoring of drug-associated gout in clinical practice. When administering these medications, it may be crucial to regularly assess patients\u2019 uric acid levels and maintain heightened awareness for the possible onset of gout.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1868887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:54:09Z","timestamp":1783490049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacovigilance assessment of gout: a real-world study using the FAERS database"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Honghao","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Precision Treatment of Arthritis","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nannan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Precision Treatment of Arthritis","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Precision Treatment of Arthritis","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yani","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, Honghui Hospital, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Precision Treatment of Arthritis","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weikun","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Precision Treatment of Arthritis","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Precision Treatment of Arthritis","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.2147\/tcrm.s286952","article-title":"Safety profile of tolvaptan in the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"17","author":"Bellos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-025-01242-9","article-title":"Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid and risk of gout: a cohort study integrating genetic predisposition and metabolomics","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1908","article-title":"The inflammatory process of gout and its treatment","volume":"8","author":"Cronstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. and Ther."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00569-9","volume":"397","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gout. Lancet London, Engl."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02022-z","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of bempedoic acid: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"22","author":"De Filippo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2209275","article-title":"Hydrochlorothiazide and prevention of kidney-stone recurrence","volume":"388","author":"Dhayat","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01289.x","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of ezetimibe\/simvastatin coadministered with extended-release niacin in hyperlipidaemic patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Fazio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712783","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1712783","article-title":"Disproportionality analysis of adverse events associated with endothelin receptor antagonists based on the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS)","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04641-7","article-title":"Investigation of the causal effects of hypertension, candesartan, lisinopril, and ramipril on gout","volume":"399","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives Pharmacol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1126\/science.109.2829.280","article-title":"Production of acute gouty arthritis by adrenocorticotropin","volume":"109","author":"Hellman","year":"1949","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05709-3","article-title":"Pharmacovigilance study of drug-induced eye movement disorder based on FDA adverse event reports from 2004 to 2024","volume":"15","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpx113","article-title":"Metoprolol increases uric acid and risk of gout in African Americans with chronic kidney disease attributed to hypertension","volume":"30","author":"Juraschek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2007.05714.x","article-title":"Titration of HCTZ to 50 mg daily in individuals with stage 2 systolic hypertension pretreated with an angiotensin receptor blocker","volume":"9","author":"Joseph","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/10781552211029703","article-title":"Acute gout flare of bilateral first metatarsophalangeal joints due to ibrutinib use in chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"28","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-026-04331-4","article-title":"Orphan drug propranolol for infantile hemangioma: ten-year real-world safety data from the FAERS database","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.24-306","article-title":"Ticagrelor and the risk of In-Hospital gout","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Heart J."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ITC1","DOI":"10.7326\/aitc201607050","article-title":"Gout","volume":"165","author":"Neogi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2215024","article-title":"Bempedoic acid and cardiovascular outcomes in statin-intolerant patients","volume":"388","author":"Nissen","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3816\/CGC.2009.n.004","article-title":"Phase I study combining treatment with temsirolimus and sunitinib malate in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119435","article-title":"Adverse events associated with four atypical antipsychotics used as augmentation treatment for major depressive disorder: a pharmacovigilance study based on the FAERS database","volume":"388","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-026-01648-8","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation following idarucizumab and andexanet alfa: assessment of a signal of disproportionate reporting from the food and drugs administration adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database","volume":"49","author":"Roberto","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.10.012","article-title":"Gout \u2013 an update of aetiology, genetics, co-morbidities and management","volume":"118","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2022.114890","article-title":"Recent advances in gout drugs","volume":"245","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0153-y","article-title":"Overcoming natural wnt inhibition to optimize therapy","volume":"15","author":"Sims","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.04.008","article-title":"Gout epidemiology and comorbidities","volume":"50","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seminars Arthritis Rheumatism"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-026-01545-2","article-title":"Hyperuricemia risk in bempedoic acid-treated hyperlipidemic patients","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2026","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283369014","article-title":"Progress in the pharmacotherapy of gout","volume":"22","author":"Sundy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190019866315","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor blockers effect on serum uric acid\u2014A class effect?","volume":"33","author":"Sutton Burke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563238","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1563238","article-title":"Adverse drug events associated with insulin glargine: a real-world pharmacovigilance study based on the FAERS database","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70836","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.70836","article-title":"The real\u2010world safety profile of temazepam: a 20\u2010Year pharmacovigilance analysis based on the large\u2010scale FAERS database","volume":"32","author":"Wen","year":"2026","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. and Ther."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2026.103553","article-title":"Divergent safety profiles of TNF inhibitors in pregnancy: a comprehensive pharmacovigilance analysis of the FAERS database","volume":"160","author":"Yan","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.05.023","article-title":"Ticagrelor-related gout: an underestimated side effect","volume":"192","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06114-6","article-title":"Assessment of drug induced hyperuricemia and gout risk using the FDA adverse event reporting system","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1868887\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:54:10Z","timestamp":1783490050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1868887\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1868887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1868887","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"article-number":"1868887"}}