{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:05:24Z","timestamp":1790661924725,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nephrolithiasis is a prevalent, highly recurrent urological disorder affecting 1%\u201315% of the global population, with 5-year recurrence rates reaching up to 50%. While surgical interventions achieve acute stone clearance, they do not resolve underlying metabolic derangements, crystal-induced tubular injury, or chronic inflammatory cascades. Natural products from global ethnomedicinal systems (including Traditional Chinese Medicine, Indian Ayurveda, Persian Unani medicine, European phytotherapy, and African ethnopharmacology) demonstrate potent multi-target anti-urolithic properties. However, decoding their intricate polypharmacology remains a major challenge. Network pharmacology, combining multi-omics profiling, computational target prediction, and network topology, has emerged as a promising paradigm to decipher these multi-component mechanisms. Unlike previous descriptive reviews that largely focused on narrow botanical catalogs or local traditions, this review establishes a critical, globally inclusive, and methodologically rigorous synthesis of network pharmacology-driven nephrolithiasis research from 2022 to 2026. We detail the fundamental pathophysiology across major stone types (calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite, cystine) and the comprehensive cellular cascade encompassing crystal nucleation, Randall\u2019s plaque\/plug formation, CD44-mediated adhesion, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species burst, endoplasmic reticulum stress, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, macrophage M1\/M2 polarization, immunometabolism, extracellular vesicle communication, and programmed cell death (apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and PANoptosis). We critically synthesize evidence across diverse chemical classes (flavonoids, polyphenols, pentacyclic triterpenes, alkaloids, anthraquinones, tannins, polysaccharides, and marine bioactive metabolites), bridging computational predictions with established mechanistic milestones. Furthermore, we provide a deep critical appraisal of core methodological bottlenecks\u2014target prediction bias, publication bias of over-studied hub genes, arbitrary pharmacokinetic cutoffs, circular virtual docking, and lack of renal bioavailability validation. Finally, we formulate a forward-looking translational roadmap integrating single-cell transcriptomics, humanized 3D organoid co-cultures, spatial multi-omics, reverse validation in longitudinal clinical registries, and machine learning feature selection, providing rigorous guidance for precision anti-urolithic drug discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1872382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:50:49Z","timestamp":1790661049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A review of advances in research on mechanisms inhibiting kidney stone formation from a network pharmacology perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xuming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoyue","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiguo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.080","article-title":"The mechanistic insight of polyphenols in calcium oxalate urolithiasis mitigation","volume":"106","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae074","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of genetic disease in adult kidney stone formers","volume":"39","author":"Anderegg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.06.036","article-title":"Use of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to calculate the impact of obesity and diabetes on cost and prevalence of urolithiasis in 2030","volume":"66","author":"Antonelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03469-4","article-title":"The role of inflammation and ROS in CaOx kidney stones","volume":"30","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.36721\/PJPS.2021.34.6.SP.2423-2427.1","article-title":"Complex renal calculi treated with traditional Chinese medicine Paishi decoction combined with laparoscopic ureterectomy","volume":"34","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.151975","article-title":"Exploring phytochemical candidates against nephrolithiasis via similarity searching, network pharmacology, and docking studies","volume":"771","author":"Bhura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/mou.0000000000001066","article-title":"Inflammation and kidney stones: cause and effect?","volume":"33","author":"Capolongo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Urol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566506","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.566506","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and kidney stone disease","volume":"11","author":"Chaiyarit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15400","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2023.2189476","article-title":"Network pharmacology and molecular modelling study of enhydra fluctuans for the prediction of the molecular mechanisms involved in the amelioration of nephrolithiasis","volume":"41","author":"Chattaraj","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652989","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.652989","article-title":"Metabolic and network pharmacological analyses of the therapeutic effect of Grona styracifolia on calcium oxalate-induced renal injury","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2025.11.016","article-title":"AI driven network pharmacology: multi-scale mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine from molecular to patient analysis","volume":"27","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575270","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1575270","article-title":"Network pharmacology and experimental validation to elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms of OATF against kidney stones","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.157830","article-title":"Qing Hua Yu Du formula ameliorates alcoholic hepatic fibrosis by regulating MAPK\/TLR4-MyD88 inflammatory pathways, restoring hepatic metabolism and modulating gut microbiota","volume":"152","author":"Ding","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17038","article-title":"Randall's plaque of patients with nephrolithiasis begins in basement membranes of thin loops of Henle","volume":"111","author":"Evan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41524-023-01171-9","article-title":"A rule-free workflow for the automated generation of databases from scientific literature","volume":"9","author":"Gilligan","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Comput. Mater"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2025.110117","article-title":"Flavonoid intake and kidney stones: an exposome-based cross-sectional study","volume":"147","author":"Gong","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01082-5","article-title":"Prediction of herbal compatibility for colorectal adenoma treatment based on graph neural networks","volume":"20","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01895-0","article-title":"A deep learning-driven discovery of berberine derivatives as novel antibacterial against multidrug-resistant Helicobacter pylori","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-025-01776-3","article-title":"Decoding coffee's chlorogenic acid: genetic-network pharmacology insights on kidney stones","volume":"53","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083907","article-title":"Bioinformatics approach to identifying molecular targets of isoliquiritigenin affecting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a machine learning pharmacology study","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8704784","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8704784","article-title":"A discovery strategy for active compounds of Chinese medicine based on the prediction model of compound-disease relationship","volume":"2022","author":"Huo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-022-02816-3","article-title":"Clinical potential of PD-1\/PD-L1 blockade therapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC): a rapidly evolving strategy","volume":"22","author":"Jahangir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633783","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1633783","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut and urinary microbiota in urolithiasis patients and post-surgical cases","volume":"15","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118502","article-title":"Research landscape and pharmacological mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicines in treating and preventing urolithiasis: unearthing an anti-urolithic treasure trove","volume":"334","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2541054","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.41054","article-title":"Kidney stone history and survival outcomes in upper tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Jong","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78555-4","article-title":"Fusing multiplex heterogeneous networks using graph attention-aware fusion networks","volume":"14","author":"Kesimoglu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.06.04","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species, inflammation and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16008","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.8","article-title":"Kidney stones","volume":"2","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab021","article-title":"Randall's plaque and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: a new look at an old hypothesis","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175324","article-title":"The advances of calcium oxalate calculi associated drugs and targets","volume":"935","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891788","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.891788","article-title":"Exerts protective effects against the calcium oxalate-induced renal injury via ellagic acid","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114733","article-title":"Discovering inhibitor molecules for pathological crystallization of CaOx kidney stones from natural extracts of medical herbs","volume":"284","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-025-01927-6","article-title":"Salidroside attenuates calcium oxalate-induced renal injury via suppression of PANoptosis","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-024-01673-1","article-title":"Based on network pharmacology, the mechanism of dioscin in alleviating renal tubular epithelial cell injury induced by calcium oxalate crystals was explored","volume":"53","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79367-2","article-title":"LncRNA AP001007 protects human renal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells and kidney organoids from LPS-induced injury","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.145288","article-title":"Pivotal role of AhR protein in the therapeutic efficacy of HuangKui capsule against calcium oxalate-induced kidney damage: an integrated study of network pharmacology and experimental verification","volume":"319","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031895","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1031895","article-title":"Network pharmacology and experimental validation to elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms of Bushen Huashi decoction against kidney stones","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116470","article-title":"Resveratrol ameliorates sepsis-induced immune dysfunction by targeting GADD45A to maintain hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis: a predictive study integrating ensemble machine learning, single-cell transcriptomics, and molecular dynamics simulation","volume":"176","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2024.04.006","article-title":"Systematic review of pharmacological, complementary, and alternative therapies for the prevention of calcium oxalate stones","volume":"12","author":"Lo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asian J. Urol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21670","article-title":"Antiurolithiatic effects of pentacyclic triterpenes: the distance traveled from therapeutic aspects","volume":"81","author":"Lobine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156518","article-title":"Advances in bioinformatic methods for the acceleration of the drug discovery from nature","volume":"139","author":"Maciejewska-Turska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2025.102906","article-title":"Anti-urolithiatic potential of Pleurolobus gangeticus against calcium-sensing receptor and oxalate oxidase targets","volume":"18","author":"Mohan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sesb.2026.100002","article-title":"Stigmasterol as a potential anti-urolithiatic agent: in vitro evaluation and computational insights into renal targets","volume":"1","author":"Mohan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Syst. Ethnopharmacol. Sustain Bioresour."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2024.01.011","article-title":"Identification of a core transcriptional program driving the human renal mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition","volume":"59","author":"Ng-Blichfeldt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2021.11.004","article-title":"Network pharmacology: curing causal mechanisms instead of treating symptoms","volume":"43","author":"Nogales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15050572","article-title":"Network pharmacology approach for medicinal plants: review and assessment","volume":"15","author":"Noor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. (Basel)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117682","article-title":"Network pharmacology combines machine learning, molecular simulation dynamics and experimental validation to explore the mechanism of acetylbinankadsurin A in the treatment of liver fibrosis","volume":"323","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154525","article-title":"The mechanisms of Qizhu Tangshen formula in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease: network pharmacology, machine learning, molecular docking and experimental assessment","volume":"108","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26906-0","article-title":"Metabolomic and network pharmacology insights into the anti-inflammatory and anti-urolithiatic potential of Ficus religiosa seeds","volume":"15","author":"Pinipay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501386","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1501386","article-title":"Multi\u2014dimensional mechanism analysis of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill in treating kidney stones: network pharmacology, molecular docking and in vitro experimental verification","volume":"16","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2023.102922","article-title":"Standards, dissemination, and best practices in systems biology","volume":"81","author":"Shin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-017-2008-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of stone disease across the globe","volume":"35","author":"Sorokin","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-025-05804-0","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 502 chronic kidney disease patients: insights from a tertiary center","volume":"43","author":"Srivastava","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11955","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241511955","article-title":"PPARG: a novel target for yellow tea in kidney stone prevention","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49779","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000049779","article-title":"Mechanistic study on comorbidities of kidney stones and sepsis using transcriptome sequencing combined with single-cell spatial transcriptome sequencing","volume":"105","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Med. Baltim."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.4982","article-title":"Recent advances on the mechanisms of kidney stone formation (review)","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6667902","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6667902","article-title":"Protective effects of total flavonoids from Lysimachia christinae on calcium oxalate-induced oxidative stress in a renal cell line and renal tissue","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-01041-3","article-title":"Integrated single-nucleus sequencing and spatial architecture analysis identified distinct injured-proximal tubular types in calculi rats","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.153929","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of Pyrrosia lingua in the treatment of nephrolithiasis: network pharmacology analysis and in vivo experimental verification","volume":"98","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142207","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1142207","article-title":"Metabolic changes in kidney stone disease","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70180","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70180","article-title":"Puerarin alleviates apoptosis and inflammation in kidney stone cells via the PI3K\/AKT pathway: network pharmacology and experimental verification","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-024-01533-y","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of rhizoma polygonati in the treatment of nephrolithiasis: network pharmacology analysis and in vivo experimental verification","volume":"52","author":"Xu","year":"","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114250","article-title":"Umbelliferone attenuates calcium oxalate crystal-induced renal injury and inflammation by attenuating autophagy through the PI3K\/AKT pathway","volume":"150","author":"Xu","year":"","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01175","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202501175","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing delineates renal anti-fibrotic mechanisms mediated by TRPC6 inhibition","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113284","article-title":"Pectolinarigenin alleviates calcium oxalate-induced renal inflammation and oxidative stress by binding to HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"143","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540075","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1540075","article-title":"The significance of reactive oxygen species in the formation of calcium oxalate stones and the protective effects of antioxidants on the kidneys","volume":"16","author":"Ying","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-025-01809-x","article-title":"Unraveling the role of gut microbiota on the formation of nephrolithiasis: insights from integrated analysis of GWAS, single-cell transcriptomics, bulk RNA sequencing and network pharmacology","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116306","article-title":"Network pharmacology, a promising approach to reveal the pharmacology mechanism of Chinese medicine formula","volume":"309","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113925","article-title":"Butyric acid inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation injury in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis by targeting CYP2C9","volume":"178","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.0000000768","article-title":"A multiomics study of circulating proteins and kidney stone risk","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1872382\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:51:04Z","timestamp":1790661064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1872382\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1872382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1872382","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"article-number":"1872382"}}