{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:20:16Z","timestamp":1787916016164,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Endocrine-disrupting chemicals particularly plasticisers such as phthalates, bisphenols and their emerging substitutes, are increasingly recognised as the main environmental toxicants with significant implications for thyroid and cardiovascular health. Due to their widespread use in consumer products, food packaging, medical devices, cosmetics and industrial materials, chronic human exposure occurs\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption and parenteral administration. Increasing evidence indicates that these compounds disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis by interfering with thyroid hormone synthesis, transport, receptor signalling, iodine homeostasis and endocrine feedback regulation. These disruptions contribute to thyroid autoimmunity, hypothyroidism, and broader endocrine imbalance. Because tfundihyroid hormones are vital for cardiovascular health, plasticiser-related thyroid problems can indirectly lead to cardiovascular issues, including hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidaemia, arrhythmias, atherosclerosis and heart failure. Mechanistically, these effects are mediated by oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory signalling, ion-channel disruption, metabolic dysregulation and epigenetic modifications. Integrated thyroid-cardiac crosstalk is increasingly recognised as a critical mechanistic axis linking environmental EDC exposure to the progression of cardiometabolic disease. The review highlights the emerging biomarkers and advanced microfluidic and organ-on-chip technologies as promising tools for early detection and mechanistic evaluation of plasticiser-induced thyroid-cardiac dysfunction. Collectively, this review also highlights the critical need for long-term human studies, combined exposure assessments and translational diagnostic approaches to enhance our understanding and alleviate the escalating public health burden of environmental plasticiser exposure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1876287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:07:55Z","timestamp":1787915275000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endocrine and cardiovascular consequences of plasticiser exposure: a narrative review from the thyroid- cardiac axis perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Debarati","family":"Halder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varshini","family":"P.V","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tridip","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divyapriya","family":"Karthikeyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. H. Sruthi","family":"Anil Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meenakshi Sundari","family":"S.N","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Snehasis","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Janardhanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-013-9672-1","article-title":"The effect of bisphenol A on some oxidative stress parameters and acetylcholinesterase activity in the heart of male albino rats","volume":"67","author":"Aboul Ezz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc50350j","article-title":"Microfluidic heart on a chip for higher throughput pharmacological studies","volume":"13","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041464","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors acting on estrogen and androgen pathways cause reproductive disorders through multiple mechanisms: a review","volume":"18","author":"Amir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.111517","article-title":"Development of glass-based microfluidic devices: a review on its fabrication and biologic applications","volume":"225","author":"Aralekallu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater Des."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00687.x","article-title":"Bisphenol A activates Maxi-K (K(Ca)1.1) channels in coronary smooth muscle","volume":"160","author":"Asano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.39917","article-title":"Effect of thyroxin treatment on carotid intima\u2013media thickness (CIMT) reduction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH): a meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"24","author":"Aziz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38912","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-19594-0","article-title":"Plasticizers: negative impacts on the thyroid hormone system","volume":"29","author":"Bereketoglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00285-0","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism in older individuals","volume":"10","author":"Biondi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0043","article-title":"The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction","volume":"29","author":"Biondi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.09.005","article-title":"Thyroid effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"355","author":"Boas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.12.012","article-title":"Zebrafish embryos as a screen for DNA methylation modifications after compound exposure","volume":"291","author":"Bouwmeester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112636","article-title":"Oxidative stress induced by phthalates in mammals: state of the art and potential biomarkers","volume":"206","author":"Brassea-P\u00e9rez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.1c00203","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity hazard and risk characterization of ToxCast chemicals using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes from multiple donors","volume":"34","author":"Burnett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16020104","article-title":"Recent advances in microfluidic chip technology for laboratory medicine: innovations and artificial intelligence integration","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036859","article-title":"Thyroid and cardiovascular disease","volume":"139","author":"Cappola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"oeac072","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjopen\/oeac072","article-title":"Monitoring and diagnosis of intermittent arrhythmias: evidence-based guidance and role of novel monitoring strategies","volume":"2","author":"Carrington","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Open"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dgaa310","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa310","article-title":"Nonthyroidal illness syndrome and hypothyroidism in ischemic heart disease population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.109667","article-title":"Thyroid ultrasound","volume":"17","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839005","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.839005","article-title":"Role of estrogen receptors in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64435-6","article-title":"Structural mechanism of the agonist binding on human TRPC3 channel","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics7010005","article-title":"Comparative overview of the mechanisms of action of hormones and endocrine disruptor compounds","volume":"7","author":"Combarnous","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/jox12020007","article-title":"Membrane hormone receptors and their signaling pathways as targets for endocrine disruptors","volume":"12","author":"Combarnous","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Xenobiotics."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01590-9","article-title":"Thyroid and heart, a clinically relevant relationship","volume":"44","author":"Corona","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010675","article-title":"The role of endocrine disruptors bisphenols and phthalates in obesity: current evidence, perspectives and controversies","volume":"25","author":"Dalamaga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2015.07.013","article-title":"Toxicity of hexamoll(\u00ae) DINCH(\u00ae) following intravenous administration","volume":"238","author":"David","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-026-00619-5","article-title":"The effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on inflammation and oxidative stress in the prostate: an overview in different experimental models","volume":"22","author":"de Santana","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Toxicol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106795","article-title":"Association of phthalate exposure with thyroid function during pregnancy","volume":"157","author":"Derakhshan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.112.081372","article-title":"Bisphenol A inhibits voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels in vitro: mechanisms and structural requirements","volume":"83","author":"Deutschmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0002","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society Scientific statement","volume":"30","author":"Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12020139","article-title":"Tissue chips and microphysiological systems for disease modeling and drug testing","volume":"12","author":"Donoghue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.09.002","article-title":"Exposure to phthalates in patients with diabetes and its association with oxidative stress, adiponectin, and inflammatory cytokines","volume":"109","author":"Duan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy019","article-title":"Exposure to DBP and high iodine aggravates autoimmune thyroid disease through increasing the levels of IL-17 and thyroid-binding globulin in wistar rats","volume":"163","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci. Off. J. Soc. Toxicol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11320","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911320","article-title":"Chronic exposure to endocrine disruptor vinclozolin leads to lung damage via Nrf2-Nf-kb pathway alterations","volume":"23","author":"D\u2019Amico","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138510","article-title":"Insight into the health risk implicated in mitochondrial toxicity of dibutyl phthalate exposure on zebrafish (Danio rerio) cells","volume":"326","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2514312","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2514312","article-title":"The emerging role of estrogens in thyroid redox homeostasis and carcinogenesis","volume":"2019","author":"Faria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s40119-025-00428-2","article-title":"Role of arterial stiffness and carotid intima-media thickness on subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk assessment","volume":"14","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Alvarez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiol. Ther."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031505","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0048986","article-title":"Liver-heart on chip models for drug safety","volume":"5","author":"Ferrari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Apl. Bioeng."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16863-z","article-title":"Mass fabrication of PDMS 1373 microfluidic devices by injection molding and applications in sensitive 3D spheroid and 1374 explant culture","volume":"15","author":"Filion","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10813","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02372","article-title":"Phthalate and BPA exposure in women and newborns through personal care product use and food packaging","volume":"53","author":"Fisher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00521","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmunity: role of anti-thyroid antibodies in thyroid and extra-thyroidal diseases","volume":"8","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00204","article-title":"Disruption in thyroid signaling pathway: a mechanism for the effect of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on child neurodevelopment","volume":"9","author":"Ghassabian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.05.004","article-title":"Effects of plasticizers and their mixtures on estrogen receptor and thyroid hormone functions","volume":"189","author":"Ghisari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.011","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is attributed to calcium aggravation, ROS-Mediated mitochondrial depolarization, and ERK\/NF-\u03baB pathway activation","volume":"49","author":"Ghosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5655","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165655","article-title":"Critical review on the presence of phthalates in food and evidence of their biological impact","volume":"17","author":"Giuliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1010","article-title":"EDC-2: the endocrine society\u2019s second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals","volume":"36","author":"Gore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5710","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105710","article-title":"Impact of chemical endocrine disruptors and hormone modulators on the endocrine system","volume":"23","author":"Guarnotta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.956839","article-title":"Epigenetic modifications: basic mechanisms and role in cardiovascular disease","volume":"123","author":"Handy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dvx017","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvx017","article-title":"Epigenetic impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals on lipid homeostasis and atherosclerosis: a pregnane X receptor-centric view","volume":"3","author":"Helsley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Epigenetics"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165711","article-title":"Bisphenol analogues induce thyroid dysfunction via the disruption of the thyroid hormone synthesis pathway","volume":"900","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.21037\/gs-21-236","article-title":"Prevalence and mortality of cardiovascular events in patients with hyperthyroidism: a nationwide cohort study in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Hussein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gland. Surg."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13017","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313017","article-title":"DINCH exposure triggers inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic pathways in the liver of long-evans lactating rats and their offspring","volume":"25","author":"\u00cd\u00f1igo-Catalina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.174","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"Jabbar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0155762","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155762","article-title":"The effects of disturbance on hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in zebrafish larvae after exposure to DEHP","volume":"11","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.02.083","article-title":"Fine particles cause the abnormality of cardiac ATP levels via PPAR\u0251-mediated utilization of fatty acid and glucose using in vivo and in vitro models","volume":"249","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31331","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31331","article-title":"Bisphenol A exposure may induce hepatic lipid accumulation via reprogramming the DNA methylation patterns of genes involved in lipid metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Ke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13071-w","article-title":"A comprehensive review on the carcinogenic potential of bisphenol A: clues and evidence","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108862","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to environmental phenols and phthalates and altered patterns of DNA methylation in childhood","volume":"190","author":"Khodasevich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1177\/24725552211000676","article-title":"A novel high-throughput FLIPR tetra\u2013based method for capturing highly confluent kinetic data for structure\u2013kinetic relationship guided early drug discovery","volume":"26","author":"Khurana","year":"2021","journal-title":"SLAS Discov."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678326","article-title":"Thyroid disease and the heart","volume":"116","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102153440707","article-title":"Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system","volume":"344","author":"Klein","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101562","article-title":"Thyroid hormone system disrupting chemicals","volume":"35","author":"K\u00f6hrle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2010.03.002","article-title":"How safe is bisphenol A? Fundamentals of toxicity: metabolism, electron transfer and oxidative stress","volume":"75","author":"Kovacic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-025-00477-8","article-title":"Exposed and vulnerable: sources and health implications of chemical exposures in neonatal, pediatric, and cardiac intensive care units","volume":"12","author":"Kuiper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.02.006","article-title":"Phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers and bisphenols in Swedish preschool dust in relation to children\u2019s exposure","volume":"102","author":"Larsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2021.1944943","article-title":"Influence of o,p\u2019-DDT on MUC5AC expression via regulation of NF-\u03baB\/AP-1 activation in human lung epithelial cells","volume":"84","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118196","article-title":"Evaluation of phthalates induced cardiotoxicity using human iPSCs-derived cardiomyocyte and dual-cardiotoxicity evaluation methods","volume":"296","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00224","article-title":"Thyroid function in early pregnancy, child IQ, and autistic traits: a meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"103","author":"Levie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.05.001","article-title":"Circulating levels of bisphenol A and phthalates are related to carotid atherosclerosis in the elderly","volume":"218","author":"Lind","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4567-7","article-title":"DEHP reduces thyroid hormones via interacting with hormone synthesis-related proteins, deiodinases, transthyretin, receptors, and hepatic enzymes in rats","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113382","article-title":"The associations between endocrine disrupting chemicals and markers of inflammation and immune responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"234","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80332-2","article-title":"Microfluidics chips fabrication techniques comparison","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00697-4","article-title":"Microfluidic biosensors for biomarker detection in body fluids: a key approach for early cancer diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.01.004","article-title":"Cardiogenesis impairment promoted by bisphenol A exposure is successfully counteracted by epigallocatechin gallate","volume":"246","author":"Lomb\u00f3","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106016","article-title":"An epigenome-wide association study identifies multiple DNA methylation markers of exposure to endocrine disruptors","volume":"144","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd7030026","article-title":"Phthalates implications in the cardiovascular system","volume":"7","author":"Mariana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc Dev. Dis."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-017-9439-6","article-title":"Cardiovascular response of rat aorta to Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure","volume":"18","author":"Mariana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Toxicol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14152689","article-title":"Migration of phthalates and bisphenol A from polyethylene terephthalate bottles into beer during storage at controlled temperatures","volume":"14","author":"Mastanjevi\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8673","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008673","article-title":"Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration with heart disease: evidence from NHANES 2003\/06","volume":"5","author":"Melzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01317-9","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals: gestational diabetes and beyond","volume":"16","author":"Mitra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21476","article-title":"Comprehensive review of cardiovascular toxicity of drugs and related agents","volume":"38","author":"Mlad\u011bnka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35488","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14466-5","article-title":"Mechanistic insight into toxicity of phthalates, the involved receptors, and the role of Nrf2, NF-\u03baB, and PI3K\/AKT signaling pathways","volume":"28","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653127","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.653127","article-title":"Cardiac tissue engineering: inclusion of non-cardiomyocytes for enhanced features","volume":"9","author":"Munawar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s44169-022-00011-z","article-title":"Impact of bisphenol A on structure and function of mitochondria: a critical review","volume":"260","author":"Nayak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1069916","DOI":"10.1080\/23273747.2015.1069916","article-title":"Assessing human health risk to endocrine disrupting chemicals: a focus on prenatal exposures and oxidative stress","volume":"3","author":"Neier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Disruptors"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5680","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105680","article-title":"Cardiovascular biomarkers: lessons of the past and prospects for the future","volume":"23","author":"Omran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24446","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202524446","article-title":"Laser-microscribed glass enables surface-microfluidics-facilitated, affordable, rapid cancer diagnosis","volume":"36","author":"Pal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.02.001","article-title":"Assessment of endocrine-disrupting activities of alternative chemicals for bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate","volume":"172","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.105","article-title":"Women\u2019s exposure to phthalates in relation to use of personal care products","volume":"23","author":"Parlett","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kft026","article-title":"Lifelong exposure to bisphenol a alters 1232 cardiac structure\/function, protein expression, and DNA methylation in adult mice","volume":"133","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. 1233 Sci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31142","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229848","article-title":"Microfluidic organ\/body-on-a-chip devices at the convergence of biology and microengineering","volume":"15","author":"Perestrelo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568023","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1568023","article-title":"Editorial: crosstalk between thyroid and heart","volume":"16","author":"Pingitore","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9191","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239191","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting air pollutants and their effects on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis","volume":"21","author":"Plunk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121927","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121927","article-title":"Exposure to phthalates affects calcium handling and intercellular connectivity of human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes","volume":"10","author":"Posnack","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfab083","article-title":"Bisphenol S and bisphenol F are less disruptive to cardiac electrophysiology, as compared with bisphenol A","volume":"183","author":"Prudencio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci. Off. J. Soc. Toxicol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-025-00208-9","article-title":"Overview of thyroid disorders in pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Puthiyachirakal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Matern. Health Neonatol. Perinatol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1752","article-title":"Bisphenols and phthalates: plastic chemical exposures can contribute to adverse cardiovascular health outcomes","volume":"112","author":"Ramadan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2026.101179","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors and immune disruption: mechanistic insights and future perspective","volume":"22","author":"Ramesh","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater Adv."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-024-00476-4","article-title":"Left ventricular diastolic function and cardiotoxic chemotherapy. Egypt 1405","volume":"76","author":"Rashid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart J."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5465-z","article-title":"A novel microfluidic device capable of maintaining functional thyroid carcinoma specimens ex vivo provides a new drug screening platform","volume":"19","author":"Riley","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1361","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality","volume":"304","author":"Rodondi","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127408","article-title":"Dibutyl phthalate rapidly alters calcium homeostasis in the gills of Danio rerio","volume":"258","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3390\/endocrines5030032","article-title":"Thyroid under attack: the adverse impact of plasticizers, pesticides, and PFASs on thyroid function","volume":"5","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrines"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092367","article-title":"The emerging plasticizer alternative DINCH and its metabolite MINCH induce oxidative stress and enhance inflammatory responses in human THP-1 macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Schaffert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2011.08.007","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals and disease susceptibility","volume":"127","author":"Schug","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110261","article-title":"Storage-driven migration of plastic additives from packaging to fish: influencing factors and human exposure assessment","volume":"211","author":"Sforzi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.12.053","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemical exposure and maladaptive behavior during adolescence","volume":"172","author":"Shoaff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20589","article-title":"High-sensitive detection and quantitation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from capillary\/fingerstick and venepuncture whole-blood using fluorescence-based rapid lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA)","volume":"9","author":"Shurbaji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2008.00370.x","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors and estrogenic effects on male reproductive axis","volume":"10","author":"Sikka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2478\/aiht-2022-73-3639","article-title":"Medical devices as a source of phthalate exposure: a review of current knowledge and alternative solutions","volume":"73","author":"\u0160imunovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030867","article-title":"Dietary intake of endocrine disrupting substances presents in environment and their impact on thyroid function","volume":"13","author":"Sokal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2016.02.020","article-title":"Effects of Bisphenol A on ion channels: experimental evidence and molecular mechanisms","volume":"111","author":"Soriano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995491","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.995491","article-title":"Intrauterine exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) disrupts the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis of the F1 rats during adult life","volume":"13","author":"Sousa-Vidal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6653971","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6653971","article-title":"ECG markers of cardiovascular toxicity in adult and pediatric cancer treatment","volume":"2021","author":"Sp\u00eenu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110665","article-title":"Nuclear receptors are the major targets of endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"502","author":"Toporova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084236","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1084236","article-title":"A review of the endocrine disrupting effects of micro and nano plastic and their associated chemicals in mammals","volume":"13","author":"Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15093","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08048-0","article-title":"Protective effects of quercetin against oxidative stress induced by bisphenol-A in rat cardiac mitochondria","volume":"27","author":"Vanani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2025.11.102","article-title":"Decoding 1394 prognostic patterns of exosomal microRNAs in acute myocardial infarction","volume":"77","author":"Varshini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111299","article-title":"Bisphenol A(BPA), BPS and BPB-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis mediated by mitochondria in human neuroblastoma cell lines","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-024-00751-z","article-title":"Microfluidic platforms for monitoring cardiomyocyte electromechanical activity","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132025","article-title":"Enhanced detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals in on-chip microfluidic biosensors using aptamer-mediated bridging flocculation and upconversion luminescence","volume":"458","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dvaf020","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvaf020","article-title":"Epigenetic signatures of phthalate exposure and potential risks: a DNA methylation analysis using Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Epigenetics"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/sexes7020022","article-title":"Endocrine noise: sex-specific disruption of hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis by endocrine-disrupting chemicals","volume":"7","author":"Xega","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sexes"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2245","article-title":"The impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on oxidative stress and innate immune response in zebrafish embryos","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606931","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.606931","article-title":"Thyroid hormone plays an important role in cardiac function: from bench to bedside","volume":"12","author":"Yamakawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170436","article-title":"Ca2+ homeostasis imbalance induced by Pparg: a key factor in di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-induced cardiac dysfunction in zebrafish larvae","volume":"918","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-17931-0","article-title":"Emerging plasticizer induced lipid metabolism disorders revealed by network toxicology molecular docking and dynamics simulation","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaa129","article-title":"Mitochondrial epigenetics and environmental health: making a case for endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"178","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1018","article-title":"Bisphenol-A, an environmental contaminant that acts as a thyroid hormone receptor antagonist in vitro, increases serum thyroxine, and alters RC3\/neurogranin expression in the developing rat brain","volume":"146","author":"Zoeller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10050263","article-title":"Insights into the endocrine disrupting activity of emerging non-phthalate alternate plasticizers against thyroid hormone receptor: a structural perspective","volume":"10","author":"Zughaibi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1876287\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:07:57Z","timestamp":1787915277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1876287\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":129,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1876287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1876287","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"article-number":"1876287"}}