{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T05:20:18Z","timestamp":1787721618049,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent joint disease worldwide, affecting over 600 million people. Cartilage-penetrating systems, such as avidin, are emerging as a therapeutic approach for the delivery of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs, improving drug uptake and retention in the cartilage, thereby helping to alleviate symptoms and slow disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to investigate whether an avidin-based nanocarrier delivering kartogenin (Av-bKGN) can promote cartilage matrix regeneration in anterior cruciate ligament transection with hemi-meniscectomy (ACLT-hMnX) rat models. We compared outcomes from two ACLT-hMnX rat models of OA which differ in the timing of disease induction, representing the early and late stages of OA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results demonstrate that Av-bKGN leads to greater cartilage regeneration compared to the free drug, particularly in the early-stage OA model, whereas the effect is less pronounced in late-stage disease model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conlusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taken together, these in vivo findings suggest that cartilage-penetrating delivery systems for disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs are more effective as a preventive strategy in early disease stages rather than as a curative approach in advanced osteoarthritis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1877598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T04:46:35Z","timestamp":1787719595000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vivo comparative evaluation of early- and late-stage ACLT-hMnX rat models: a case study of avidin as a cartilage-penetrating nanocarrier for disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Morici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"All\u00e9mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12111004","article-title":"Fluorescent dye labeling changes the biodistribution of tumor-targeted nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"\u00c1lamo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22630","article-title":"Electrostatic interactions enable rapid penetration, enhanced uptake and retention of intra-articular injected avidin in rat knee joints","volume":"32","author":"Bajpayee","year":"","journal-title":"J. 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