{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T06:02:21Z","timestamp":1789970541303,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobacco use disorder is a chronic condition characterized by compulsive nicotine use, withdrawal, and relapse following abstinence. Impulsivity contributes to persistent nicotine use and poor cessation outcomes. This study examined whether nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) modulators alter impulsive action in a nicotine self-administration Go\/No-Go task in male and female rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rats acquired intravenous nicotine self-administration and were then trained in a Go\/No-Go procedure in which active lever presses were reinforced during Go periods but not during No-Go periods. Impulsive action was quantified as the percentage of active lever responses during No-Go periods relative to total active responses. We then assessed the effects of varenicline (0.1\u20133\u00a0mg\/kg), nicotine (0.1\u20130.6\u00a0mg\/kg), and the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine (0.5\u20132\u00a0mg\/kg) in the Go\/No-Go procedure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Varenicline and nicotine pretreatment reduced active responding during both Go and No-Go periods, whereas mecamylamine selectively reduced responding during No-Go periods. Mecamylamine decreased the percentage of active responses during No-Go trials, indicating reduced impulsive action during nicotine self-administration. In contrast, nicotine and varenicline did not alter response allocation, suggesting that their effects reflected nonspecific reductions in responding rather than changes in impulsive action. No sex differences were observed. Substituting saline for nicotine during self-administration did not alter active responding during Go periods, but rats in the saline group had fewer active responses during No-Go periods than rats in the nicotine group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results demonstrate differential effects of nAChR modulators on impulsive action during nicotine self-administration. This work supports the utility of Go\/No-Go self-administration task for investigating nAChR-dependent modulation of impulsive action during nicotine self-administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1883945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:36:14Z","timestamp":1789968974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential effects of nAChR modulators on impulsive action in a nicotine self-administration Go\/No-Go task in rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ranjithkumar","family":"Chellian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, FL, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University","place":["Dallas, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Huisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Caglayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriaan W.","family":"Bruijnzeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12941","article-title":"Abstinence and relapse among smokers who use varenicline in a quit attempt-a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"110","author":"Agboola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.047","article-title":"The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update","volume":"43","author":"Ambrose","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. College Cardiology"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)","year":"2013"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51574","DOI":"10.3791\/51574","article-title":"The 5-choice serial reaction time task: a task of attention and impulse control for rodents","volume":"90","author":"Asinof","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005","article-title":"Inhibition and impulsivity: behavioral and neural basis of response control","volume":"108","author":"Bari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000378","article-title":"Characterisation of the effects of nicotine in the five-choice serial reaction time task in rats: antagonist studies","volume":"149","author":"Blondel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Berl."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78748-0_6","article-title":"The role of nicotine in smoking: a dual-reinforcement model","volume-title":"The Motivational Impact of Nicotine and Its Role in Tobacco Use","author":"Caggiula","year":"2008"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.6.835","article-title":"A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance of a go-no-go task","volume":"9","author":"Casey","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab097","article-title":"Rewarding effects of nicotine self-administration increase over time in Male and female rats","volume":"23","author":"Chellian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine and Tob. Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811241230255","article-title":"Mifepristone decreases nicotine intake in dependent and non-dependent adult rats","volume":"38","author":"Chellian","year":"","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415219","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1415219","article-title":"Sex differences in nicotine intake and relapse behavior in nicotine-dependent adult wistar rats","volume":"15","author":"Chellian","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.112531","article-title":"The role of glucocorticoid and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the reward-enhancing effects of nicotine in the ICSS procedure in Male and female rats","volume":"267","author":"Chellian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7218a1","article-title":"Tobacco product use among adults - united States, 2021","volume":"72","author":"Cornelius","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00589894","article-title":"Nicotine maintains robust self-administration in rats on a limited-access schedule","volume":"99","author":"Corrigall","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Berl."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2015.07.001","article-title":"Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor structure and function and response to nicotine","volume":"124","author":"Dani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2006.12.004","article-title":"Differential effects of ciproxifan and nicotine on impulsivity and attention measures in the 5-choice serial reaction time test","volume":"73","author":"Day","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099020","article-title":"Evidence for addiction-like behavior in the rat","volume":"305","author":"Deroche-Gamonet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1473-3","article-title":"Operant responding for a visual reinforcer in rats is enhanced by noncontingent nicotine: implications for nicotine self-administration and reinforcement","volume":"169","author":"Donny","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Berl."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200410001727939","article-title":"Impulsivity and smoking relapse","volume":"6","author":"Doran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine and Tob. Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.10.386","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with alcohol cue inhibitory control training reduces the risk of early alcohol relapse: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Dubuson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F9","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-7687.00235","article-title":"A neural basis for the development of inhibitory control","volume":"5","author":"Durston","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Science"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1127-6","article-title":"The neuropsychopharmacology of action inhibition: cross-species translation of the stop-signal and go\/no-go tasks","volume":"199","author":"Eagle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2165\/11537850-000000000-00000","article-title":"A review of the clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of varenicline for smoking cessation","volume":"49","author":"Faessel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-11-36","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence relating smoking to COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema","volume":"11","author":"Forey","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2024-3","article-title":"Varenicline blocks nicotine intake in rats with extended access to nicotine self-administration","volume":"213","author":"George","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Berl."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3119","article-title":"Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Goldstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.1.47","article-title":"Varenicline, an \u03b14\u03b22 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"296","author":"Gonzales","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053305","article-title":"Global economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases","volume":"27","author":"Goodchild","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000524","article-title":"Nornicotine pretreatment decreases intravenous nicotine self-administration in rats","volume":"152","author":"Green","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Berl."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01219.x","article-title":"Strain differences in behavioral inhibition in a Go\/No-go task demonstrated using 15 inbred mouse strains","volume":"34","author":"Gubner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.216","article-title":"Varenicline and cytisine diminish the dysphoric-like state associated with spontaneous nicotine withdrawal in rats","volume":"39","author":"Igari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02306","article-title":"Linking cognitive measures of response inhibition and reward sensitivity to trait impulsivity","volume":"9","author":"Jauregi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0197-20.2020","article-title":"Nicotine self-administration induces plastic changes to nicotinic receptors in medial habenula","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2296-2","article-title":"Acute nicotine increases both impulsive choice and behavioural disinhibition in rats","volume":"217","author":"Kolokotroni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Berl."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001009","article-title":"Mecamylamine (A nicotine antagonist) for smoking cessation","volume-title":"The Cochrane Library","author":"Lancaster","year":"1998"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-2021-5","article-title":"Nicotine induces conditioned place preferences over a large range of doses in rats","volume":"178","author":"Le Foll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Berl."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0623-1","article-title":"Nicotine dependence (trait) and acute nicotinic stimulation (state) modulate attention but not inhibitory control: converging fMRI evidence from Go-Nogo and flanker tasks","volume":"45","author":"Lesage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18898","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018898","article-title":"Deficits in inhibitory control in smokers during a Go\/NoGo task: an investigation using event-related brain potentials","volume":"6","author":"Luijten","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/s0091-3057(00)00252-5","article-title":"Mecamylamine blockade of both positive and negative effects of IV nicotine in human volunteers","volume":"66","author":"Lundahl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.025130","article-title":"Varenicline is a partial agonist at alpha4beta2 and a full agonist at alpha7 neuronal nicotinic receptors","volume":"70","author":"Mihalak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1783","article-title":"Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity","volume":"158","author":"Moeller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Journal Psychiatry"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e834","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00202-X","article-title":"Economic loss attributable to cigarette smoking in the USA: an economic modelling study","volume":"7","author":"Nargis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.04.005","article-title":"Potential therapeutic uses of mecamylamine and its stereoisomers","volume":"108","author":"Nickell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1739-5","article-title":"The alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor partial agonist varenicline inhibits both nicotine self-administration following repeated dosing and reinstatement of nicotine seeking in rats","volume":"208","author":"O'Connor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Berl."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2017.01.002","article-title":"Varenicline provokes impulsive action by stimulating \u03b14\u03b22 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the infralimbic cortex in a nicotine exposure status-dependent manner","volume":"154","author":"Ohmura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochemistry Behavior"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(97)07541-7","article-title":"Smoking and risk of dementia and alzheimer's disease in a population-based cohort study: the rotterdam study","volume":"351","author":"Ott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1173-0","article-title":"The role of impulsive behavior in drug abuse","volume":"200","author":"Perry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a039610","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a039610","article-title":"Mechanisms of nicotine addiction","volume":"11","author":"Picciotto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspectives Medicine"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1994.105","article-title":"Mecamylamine combined with nicotine skin patch facilitates smoking cessation beyond nicotine patch treatment alone","volume":"56","author":"Rose","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. and Ther."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.2.138","article-title":"Neuropsychological analyses of impulsiveness in childhood hyperactivity","volume":"179","author":"Rubia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2004.07.998","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence","volume":"45","author":"Sasco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.009","article-title":"Deficits in behavioural inhibition in substance abuse and addiction: a meta-analysis","volume":"145","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd000146","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000146.pub4","article-title":"Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation","volume":"11","author":"Stead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01147","article-title":"Accelerated intermittent theta-burst stimulation as a treatment for cocaine use disorder: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"13","author":"Steele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.027","article-title":"Behavioral components of impulsivity predict alcohol consumption in adults with ADHD and healthy controls","volume":"113","author":"Weafer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1185\/030079907x182185","article-title":"A double-blind study evaluating the long-term safety of varenicline for smoking cessation","volume":"23","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01323.x","article-title":"The utility of rat models of impulsivity in developing pharmacotherapies for impulse control disorders","volume":"164","author":"Winstanley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. Journal Pharmacology"},{"key":"B56","volume-title":"WHO Global Report on Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco Use 2000\u20132030","year":"2024"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2213-8","article-title":"Varenicline attenuates cue-induced relapse to alcohol, but not nicotine seeking, while reducing inhibitory response control","volume":"216","author":"Wouda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108604","article-title":"Lateral habenula cannabinoid CB1 receptor involvement in drug-associated impulsive behavior","volume":"192","author":"Zapata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.286","article-title":"Lateral habenula involvement in impulsive cocaine seeking","volume":"42","author":"Zapata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.03.048","article-title":"Neuroimaging impaired response inhibition and salience attribution in human drug addiction: a systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Zilverstand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1883945\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:36:16Z","timestamp":1789968976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1883945\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1883945"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1883945","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"article-number":"1883945"}}