{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:01:01Z","timestamp":1786122061863,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008460","name":"National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AT010903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AT010903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008460","name":"National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AT013234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AT013234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amphetamine-type stimulants are widely prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and are commonly used by college-aged individuals. While effective for improving attention and executive function, these medications may also influence sleep and circadian regulation. College students are particularly vulnerable to sleep disturbances because young adulthood is characterized by a biologically delayed circadian phase that favors later sleep timing. Combined with academic and social demands and nighttime light exposure, as well as the high prevalence of delayed circadian rhythms in ADHD, these factors may increase susceptibility to circadian misalignment and sleep disruption. This mini-review provides a narrative synthesis of the current literature examining the relationship between amphetamine-type stimulant use, sleep and circadian dysregulation, and neuropsychiatric outcomes in young adults with ADHD. Understanding how stimulant pharmacology interacts with the circadian system and sleep may help optimize treatment strategies and reduce side effects in young adults with ADHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1891825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T08:11:53Z","timestamp":1786090313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Amphetamine-type stimulants in young adults with ADHD: effects on sleep, circadian rhythms, and neuropsychiatric outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Amelia","family":"Hanshaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina","place":["Columbia, SC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandria","family":"Shanks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina","place":["Columbia, SC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Porcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina","place":["Columbia, SC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.108721","article-title":"Effects of medications on sleep quality, insomnia, and circadian rhythm in adults with ADHD: a pragmatic longitudinal study","volume":"138","author":"Adamis","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sleep. Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-5-34","article-title":"Effect of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate on sleep in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"5","author":"Adler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.07.016","article-title":"Do college students improve their grades by using prescription stimulants nonmedically?","volume":"65","author":"Arria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/89522","article-title":"A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal","volume":"4","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.149","article-title":"Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with alterations in circadian rhythms at the behavioural, endocrine and molecular levels","volume":"17","author":"Baird","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.01.001","article-title":"Sleep in a large, multi-university sample of college students: sleep problem prevalence, sex differences, and mental health correlates","volume":"4","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep. Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13994","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13994","article-title":"ADHD, chronotype, and circadian preference in a multi-site sample of college students","volume":"33","author":"Becker","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.08.006","article-title":"Substance-induced psychosis in youth","volume":"29","author":"Beckmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child. Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-014-0177-z","article-title":"Misuse of stimulant medication among college students: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Benson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Child. Fam. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-018-0271-z","article-title":"The role of the circadian system in the etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD: time to redefine ADHD?","volume":"11","author":"Bijlenga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atten. Defic. Hyperact. Disord."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2682","article-title":"Tuning arousal with optogenetic modulation of locus coeruleus neurons","volume":"13","author":"Carter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): data and statistics\n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2022.03.001","article-title":"Stimulants","volume":"31","author":"Childress","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child. Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.01.012","article-title":"Sleep quality and characteristics of college students who use prescription psychostimulants nonmedically","volume":"12","author":"Clegg-Kraynok","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-016-0214-5","article-title":"A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"9","author":"Coogan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atten. Defic. Hyperact. Disord."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"33","article-title":"The effects of extended-release stimulant medication on sleep in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"29","author":"Corkum","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Can. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30269-4","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Cortese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.02.033","article-title":"Distress and sleep quality in young amphetamine-type stimulant users with an affective or psychotic illness","volume":"262","author":"Crouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.12.002","article-title":"Sleep, circadian rhythms, and delayed phase in adolescence","volume":"8","author":"Crowley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep. Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15020","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.20","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"1","author":"Faraone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712458972","article-title":"Adults with ADHD without insomnia history have subclinical sleep disturbance but not circadian delay: an ADHD phenotype?","volume":"17","author":"Fargason","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2751","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1407935111","article-title":"Dopamine transporters govern diurnal variation in extracellular dopamine tone","volume":"111","author":"Ferris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.07.008","article-title":"Adolescence as a sensitive period of brain development","volume":"19","author":"Fuhrmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"646","article-title":"Phase relationships between core body temperature, melatonin, and sleep are associated with depression severity","volume":"68","author":"Hasler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0026-z","article-title":"Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus","volume":"19","author":"Hastings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113482532","article-title":"Amphetamine, past and present\u2014a pharmacological and clinical perspective","volume":"27","author":"Heal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.013","article-title":"Morning administration of oral methamphetamine dose-dependently disrupts nighttime sleep in recreational stimulant users","volume":"178","author":"Herrmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.09.004","article-title":"Making dopamine connections in adolescence","volume":"40","author":"Hoops","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1463-3","article-title":"Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach","volume":"17","author":"Katzman","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbscr.2019.100046","article-title":"Circadian melatonin profile in opium and amphetamine dependent patients: a preliminary study","volume":"7","author":"Khazaie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Sleep. Circadian Rhythms"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1708","article-title":"Stimulant medications and sleep for youth with ADHD: a meta-analysis","volume":"136","author":"Kidwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.108.000869","article-title":"SLC6 neurotransmitter transporters: structure, function, and regulation","volume":"63","author":"Kristensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.09.005","article-title":"Adolescence as a neurobiological critical period for the development of higher-order cognition","volume":"94","author":"Larsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0088-y","article-title":"Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan","volume":"20","author":"Logan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.06.016","article-title":"Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students","volume":"46","author":"Lund","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697900","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1697900","article-title":"ADHD as a circadian rhythm disorder: evidence and implications for chronotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Luu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.02.003","article-title":"Circadian genes, rhythms and the biology of mood disorders","volume":"114","author":"McClung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.09.014","article-title":"Mental health outcomes associated with of the use of amphetamines: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"McKetin","year":"2019","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e-171974","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1679-9836.v101i2e-171974","article-title":"Rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre o uso de anfetaminas e sintomas psic\u00f3ticos: uma revis\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica","volume":"101","author":"Mesquita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2214756121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2214756121","article-title":"The sleep\u2013circadian interface: a window into mental disorders","volume":"121","author":"Meyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1813751","article-title":"Psychosis with methylphenidate or amphetamine in patients with ADHD","volume":"380","author":"Moran","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00843.x","article-title":"Circadian rhythms and sleep in bipolar disorder","volume":"12","author":"Murray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000258117","article-title":"Vulnerability to helpless behavior is regulated by the circadian clock component CRYPTOCHROME in the mouse nucleus accumbens","volume":"117","author":"Porcu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.07.005","article-title":"Epidemiology of the human circadian clock","volume":"11","author":"Roenneberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep. Med. Rev."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00965","article-title":"Coordination of circadian timing in mammals","volume":"418","author":"Reppert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735625","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2021.735625","article-title":"Mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathways across adolescence: diversity in development","volume":"15","author":"Reynolds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.048827","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis","volume":"194","author":"Simon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.10.063","article-title":"Diurnal differences in dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase levels in rat brain: dependence on the suprachiasmatic nucleus","volume":"1129","author":"Sleipness","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713479663","article-title":"Sleep and circadian rhythmicity in adult ADHD and the effect of stimulants","volume":"21","author":"Snitselaar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04009","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04009","article-title":"The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.11.7","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"11","author":"Spruyt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2022.03.006","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications and sleep","volume":"31","author":"Stein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child. Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.04.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review","volume":"75","author":"Sulzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.160","article-title":"Understanding the effects of stimulant medications on cognition in individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a decade of progress","volume":"36","author":"Swanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.150","article-title":"Transcriptional architecture of the mammalian circadian clock","volume":"18","author":"Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2003.09.004","article-title":"Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: a hypothesis","volume":"62","author":"Tononi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2020.1835943","article-title":"Effects of chronotherapy on circadian rhythm and ADHD symptoms in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and delayed sleep phase syndrome: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"van Andel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1177\/07487304221124659","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and delayed sleep phase syndrome in adults: a randomized clinical trial on the effects of chronotherapy on sleep","volume":"37","author":"van Andel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythms"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(08)70013-3","article-title":"Metabolic consequences of sleep and sleep loss","volume":"9","author":"Van Cauter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep. Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-200062410","article-title":"Idiopathic chronic sleep onset insomnia in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a circadian rhythm sleep disorder","volume":"22","author":"Van der Heijden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101592","article-title":"Importance of the locus coeruleus\u2013norepinephrine system in sleep\u2013wake regulation: implications for aging and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"62","author":"Van Egroo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep. Med. Rev."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2013.07.005","article-title":"Mechanisms of dopamine transporter regulation in normal and disease states","volume":"34","author":"Vaughan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15037","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010654108","article-title":"Addiction: beyond dopamine reward circuitry","volume":"108","author":"Volkow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6711","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0045-12.2012","article-title":"Evidence that sleep deprivation downregulates dopamine D2R in ventral striatum in the human brain","volume":"32","author":"Volkow","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsab001","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab001","article-title":"Methamphetamine and sleep impairments: neurobehavioral correlates and molecular mechanisms","volume":"44","author":"Vrajov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04416.x","article-title":"The role of sleep in cognition and emotion","volume":"1156","author":"Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00303","article-title":"Severe sleep deprivation causes hallucinations and a gradual progression toward psychosis with increasing time awake","volume":"9","author":"Waters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02204-w","article-title":"Examining daily stimulant medication use and sleep in adolescents with ADHD","volume":"33","author":"Wiggs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1891825\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T08:11:56Z","timestamp":1786090316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1891825\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1891825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1891825","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"article-number":"1891825"}}