{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T06:31:01Z","timestamp":1786516261210,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stimulant use can induce psychotic symptoms and, in some cases, lead to persistent psychotic disorders and schizophrenia. Whether early antipsychotic treatment improves outcomes in stimulant-induced psychosis (StIP) remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective 24-month, single-blind, three-arm randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of aripiprazole and paliperidone compared with treatment-as-usual (TAU) in adults with StIP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between June 2019 and May 2022, 165 adults (mean age 38.69 [SD 10.08]) meeting DSM-5 criteria with cocaine- or methamphetamine-related StIP were randomized (1:1:2) to aripiprazole, paliperidone, or TAU using the sealed envelope method. The primary outcomes were changes in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S), CGI-Improvement (CGI-I), and CGI-Efficacy index (CGI-E) at 12 months (primary endpoint) and 24 months (secondary endpoint), analyzed using mixed models for repeated measures in the intention-to-treat sample. Secondary outcomes included psychotic symptom severity, stimulant use, cognitive function, and psychosocial functioning. Assessors were blinded during the first 12 months then unblinded during 12\u201324 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Aripiprazole showed significantly greater reductions in CGI-S than TAU at 12 months (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03, Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.31) that was sustained at 24 months (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03,\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.38). Paliperidone did not differ significantly from TAU on CGI-S at either timepoint. Both aripiprazole and paliperidone improved CGI-I and CGI-E at 12 months, but only aripiprazole maintained superiority over TAU at 24 months (aripiprazole at 24 months: both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05, CGI-I:\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.40, CGI-E:\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22121.71). Four participants experienced serious adverse events. GASS measured side-effects were generally mild across all groups. Exploratory analyses suggested possible cognitive worsening and higher rates of stimulant-positive urine tests with paliperidone at 24 months. The overall 24-month conversion rate from StIP to schizophrenia was 5.11% and did not differ between groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aripiprazole demonstrated consistent favorable CGI-based outcome responses and was well-tolerated in managing StIP compared with TAU over 24 months, whereas paliperidone showed more limited long-term benefits. Large placebo-controlled trials are warranted to determine if early assertive antipsychotic interventions causally reduce the risk of progression from StIP to schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03485417<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , NCT03485417.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1892182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:56:26Z","timestamp":1786514186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative efficacy of aripiprazole and paliperidone to treatment-as-usual in managing stimulant-induced psychosis: a 24-month randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Albert Kar Kin","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong","place":["Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sau Wan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong","place":["Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheuk Yin","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong","place":["Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnson Kai Chun","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong","place":["Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Kei","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong","place":["Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Welton","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong","place":["Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. Doug","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong","place":["Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, North District Hospital, Hospital Authority","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4551-7","article-title":"A comparison of psychotic symptoms in subjects with methamphetamine versus cocaine dependence","volume":"234","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05298-w","article-title":"A comparison of regional brain volumes and white matter connectivity in subjects with stimulant induced psychosis versus schizophrenia","volume":"236","author":"Alexander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02501-7","article-title":"Effects of risperidone\/paliperidone versus placebo on cognitive functioning over the first 6 months of treatment for psychotic disorder: secondary analysis of a triple-blind randomised clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Allott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e255129","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2023-255129","article-title":"Worsening stimulant use disorder outcomes coinciding with off-label antipsychotic prescribing: a commonly unrecognised side effect?","volume":"16","author":"Amarasekera","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep. CP"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002415","article-title":"Methamphetamine use and psychotic symptoms: findings from a New Zealand longitudinal birth cohort","volume":"53","author":"Boden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70393","article-title":"A call for action: closing the evidence gap in management of stimulant-induced psychosis","author":"Bouthillier","year":"2026","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"28","article-title":"The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"Busner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2015.1086269","article-title":"The preclinical profile of brexpiprazole: what is its clinical relevance for the treatment of psychiatric disorders?","volume":"15","author":"Citrome","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.11.016","article-title":"Substance use, medication adherence and outcome one year following a first episode of psychosis","volume":"170","author":"Colizzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-015-0092-x","article-title":"Comparative pharmacology of risperidone and paliperidone","volume":"15","author":"Corena-McLeod","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs R&D"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-022423-014645","article-title":"Apathy and motivation: biological basis and drug treatment","volume":"64","author":"Costello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-008-0490-2","article-title":"First-episode drug-induced psychosis: a medium term follow up study reveals a high-risk group","volume":"44","author":"Crebbin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S171002","article-title":"Head-to-head comparison of 1-year aripiprazole long-acting injectable (LAI) versus paliperidone LAI in comorbid psychosis and substance use disorder: impact on clinical status, substance craving, and quality of life","volume":"14","author":"Cuomo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Dis. Treat."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.185.3.196","article-title":"Stimulant psychosis: systematic review","volume":"185","author":"Curran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137073","article-title":"Nucleus accumbens D2\/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement","volume":"315","author":"Dalley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1621","article-title":"The FAB: a frontal assessment battery at bedside","volume":"55","author":"Dubois","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30254-7","article-title":"Psychosis relapse, medication non-adherence, and cannabis","volume":"4","author":"Engh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders: Clinician Version (SCID-5-CV)","author":"First","year":"2016"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00740","article-title":"Antipsychotics for amphetamine psychosis. A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Fluyau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1995.9056072.x","article-title":"The severity of dependence scale (SDS): psychometric properties of the SDS in English and Australian samples of heroin, cocaine and amphetamine users","volume":"90","author":"Gossop","year":"1995","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"INVEGA\u00ae (paliperidone) extended-release tablets prescribing information\n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20060","article-title":"Non-adherence to medication in patients with psychotic disorders: epidemiology, contributing factors and management strategies","volume":"12","author":"Kane","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03639.x","article-title":"Pharmacological approaches to methamphetamine dependence: a focused review","volume":"69","author":"Karila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.10.009","article-title":"Medications between psychiatric and addictive disorders","volume":"65","author":"Lalanne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13663","article-title":"Methamphetamine\u2010related psychosis: an opportunity for assertive intervention and prevention","volume":"112","author":"Lappin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300873","article-title":"The relative sensitivity of the clinical global impressions scale and the brief psychiatric rating scale in antipsychotic drug trials","volume":"31","author":"Leucht","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Official Publ. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.4.366","article-title":"Clinical implications of brief psychiatric rating scale scores","volume":"187","author":"Leucht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301147","article-title":"Linking the PANSS, BPRS, and CGI: clinical implications","volume":"31","author":"Leucht","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110385597","article-title":"Discriminative stimulus, subject-rated and cardiovascular effects of cocaine alone and in combination with aripiprazole in humans","volume":"25","author":"Lile","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.2.97","article-title":"Neurobiology of addiction and implications for treatment","volume":"182","author":"Lingford-Hughes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2021.11.347","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy treatment of stimulant use disorder","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ment. Health Clin."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612828666220623092853","article-title":"Atypical antipsychotic drugs in dual disorders: current evidence for clinical practice","volume":"28","author":"Martinotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198001000-00006","article-title":"An improved diagnostic evaluation instrument for substance abuse patients. The addiction severity index","volume":"168","author":"McLellan","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31818e2185","article-title":"Open trial of injectable risperidone for methamphetamine dependence","volume":"3","author":"Meredith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.10.2.81","article-title":"Assessing drinkers\u2019 motivation for change: the stages of change readiness and treatment eagerness scale (SOCRATES)","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz102","article-title":"Transition of substance-induced, brief, and atypical psychoses to schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Murrie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatrics Soc."},{"key":"B38","article-title":"Coexisting severe mental illness (psychosis) and substance misuse: assessment and management in healthcare settings","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Guideline CG120"},{"key":"B39","unstructured":"Coexisting severe mental illness and substance misuse: community health and social care services (NICE guideline NG58)\n          \n          \n          2016"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145708009097","article-title":"Evaluation of subjective effects of aripiprazole and methamphetamine in methamphetamine-dependent volunteers","volume":"11","author":"Newton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12m07822","article-title":"Substance-Induced psychoses converting into schizophrenia: a register-based study of 18,478 Finnish inpatient cases","volume":"74","author":"Niemi-Pyntt\u00e4ri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799","article-title":"The brief psychiatric rating scale","volume":"10","author":"Overall","year":"1962","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0220","DOI":"10.1097\/CLD.0000000000000220","article-title":"Liver injury in patients with substance use disorder","volume":"23","author":"Robinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"B44","unstructured":"College report CR243 \u2013 Co-Occurring substance use and mental health disorders (CoSUM)\n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2021.110263","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of cocaine-induced psychosis in cocaine users","volume":"109","author":"Sabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107872","article-title":"Biased agonism in drug discovery: is there a future for biased 5-HT1A receptor agonists in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases?","volume":"227","author":"Sa\u0142aciak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. and Ther."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.06.008","article-title":"Can antipsychotic treatment contribute to drug addiction in schizophrenia?","volume":"52","author":"Samaha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108467","article-title":"Efficacy and dropout rates of antipsychotic medications for methamphetamine psychosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"219","author":"Srisurapanont","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.14.4.413","article-title":"Aripiprazole as a potential pharmacotherapy for stimulant dependence: human laboratory studies with d-amphetamine","volume":"14","author":"Stoops","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.08.007","article-title":"Influence of aripiprazole pretreatment on the reinforcing effects of methamphetamine in humans","volume":"47","author":"Stoops","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.1.160","article-title":"A comparison of aripiprazole, methylphenidate, and placebo for amphetamine dependence","volume":"164","author":"Tiihonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13110365","article-title":"Dopamine, cognitive impairments and second-generation antipsychotics: from mechanistic advances to more personalized treatments","volume":"13","author":"Torrisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Basel, Switz."},{"key":"B53","unstructured":"World drug report 2024\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9579","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-21-09579.1999","article-title":"A single exposure to amphetamine is sufficient to induce long-term behavioral, neuroendocrine, and neurochemical sensitization in rats","volume":"19","author":"Vanderschuren","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.08.030","article-title":"Sensitization, drug addiction and psychopathology in animals and humans","volume":"31","author":"Vezina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.07.035","article-title":"Recovery of dopamine transporters with methamphetamine detoxification is not linked to changes in dopamine release","volume":"121","author":"Volkow","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107087976","article-title":"A new self-rating scale for detecting atypical or second-generation antipsychotic side effects","volume":"22","author":"Waddell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00656","article-title":"Paliperidone extended-release tablets for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder in Chinese patients after acute treatment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00237","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of paliperidone extended release Versus risperidone for the treatment of methamphetamine-associated psychosis in Chinese patients","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526270","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1526270","article-title":"Neurotoxicity mechanisms and clinical implications of six common recreational drugs","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-123752","article-title":"Evidence-Based guidelines for the pharmacological management of acute methamphetamine-related disorders and toxicity","volume":"50","author":"Wodarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1892182\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:56:27Z","timestamp":1786514187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1892182\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1892182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1892182","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"article-number":"1892182"}}