{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:16:51Z","timestamp":1788239811224,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Breast mastitis is an inflammatory condition caused by pathogenic infection, which is usually treatable with antibiotics, yet there is a lack of research focusing on plant-based alternatives. Aromatic plants are rich in secondary metabolites which potentially exhibit antibacterial and anti-inflammatory bioactivity. This study aimed to investigate ethanolic extracts of six aromatic plant species, namely,;\n                    <jats:italic>Allium schoenoprasum<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.,\n                    <jats:italic>Allium<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00d7\n                    <jats:italic>proliferum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Moench) Schrad. Ex Willd.,\n                    <jats:italic>Coleus amboinicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Lour.,\n                    <jats:italic>Eriocephalus africanus<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.,\n                    <jats:italic>Pelargonium graveolens<\/jats:italic>\n                    L\u2019Her., and\n                    <jats:italic>Salvia aurea<\/jats:italic>\n                    L., for their antibacterial activity against the breast mastitis-associated pathogen,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (ATCC 25923), as well as their cytotoxicity and wound healing potential against human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Extracts with relatively high antibacterial activity, and low cytotoxicity, underwent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify potential bioactive compounds.\n                    <jats:italic>Coleus amboinicus, E. africanus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>P. graveolens<\/jats:italic>\n                    displayed antibacterial activity against\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 25923 (with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 250\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL for all extracts, and only\n                    <jats:italic>E. africanus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was found to have a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at the tested concentrations (MBC of 1,000\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL)\n                    <jats:italic>. Salvia aurea<\/jats:italic>\n                    was found to have the strongest antibacterial activity (MIC value of 15.625\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL) and had an MBC of 250\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL. Most extracts displayed minimal toxicity against HaCaT cells (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    &amp;gt; 1,000\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL), excluding\n                    <jats:italic>S. aurea<\/jats:italic>\n                    (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 75.80 \u00b1 4.58\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL).\n                    <jats:italic>Allium<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00d7\n                    <jats:italic>proliferum, C. amboinicus, and P. graveolens<\/jats:italic>\n                    displayed statistically significant wound healing activity, while\n                    <jats:italic>E. africanus<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited wound healing inhibition. Compounds such as camphor (identified in an abundance of 20.45% in\n                    <jats:italic>S. aurea<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and carvacrol (identified in an abundance of 5.08% in\n                    <jats:italic>C. amboinicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 6.63% in\n                    <jats:italic>P. graveolens<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were identified which may contribute to the observed bioactivity. It has been observed that the chosen aromatic plants may provide secondary metabolites that could potentially contribute to advances in breast mastitis treatment. Future prospects of this research include exploring aspects such as inflammatory signaling pathways or to isolate compounds such as camphor and carvacrol to determine whether these compounds are responsible for the observed bioactivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1893713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:26:25Z","timestamp":1788236785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The biological screening of aromatic medicinal plant extracts for their potential in vitro bioactivity against factors associated with breast mastitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth Jean","family":"Wildy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria","place":["Pretoria, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha Rae","family":"Loggenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria","place":["Pretoria, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namrita","family":"Lall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria","place":["Pretoria, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04435-z","article-title":"Nanoformulated herbal compounds: enhanced antibacterial efficacy of camphor and thymol-loaded nanogels","volume":"24","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Complement. 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