{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T16:25:01Z","timestamp":1787675101397,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Clinacanthus nutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    : a member of the Acanthaceae family native to southern China and Southeast Asia, is a traditional medicinal plant widely used for the treatment of inflammation, viral infections, liver diseases, and metabolic disorders. Despite its long ethnomedicinal history, systematic scientific evaluation remains limited. Recent studies have identified more than 130 active metabolites, including triterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and sulfur-containing glycosides, which exhibit multiple pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. The underlying mechanisms involve multiple targets and signaling pathways, including NF-\u03baB, Nrf2\/ARE, AMPK, and apoptosis-related cascades, and clinical applications have included the management of hepatitis, skin infections, rheumatism, and leptospirosis. Safety assessments indicate low acute toxicity, although concerns remain regarding subchronic toxicity and the lack of robust clinical trials. This review systematically examines the botanical characteristics, major chemical metabolites, and pharmacological activities of\n                    <jats:italic>C. nutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with particular emphasis on recent research progress, mechanistic insights, and the clinical applications of its active metabolites in multifactorial disease interventions. In conclusion,\n                    <jats:italic>C. nutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrates significant medicinal potential, and future research priorities should include bioactivity-guided isolation of novel metabolites, validated\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    mechanistic studies, pharmacokinetic and metabolomic profiling, and the implementation of standardized Phase I\/II clinical trials and veterinary evaluations to support its further development and application.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1900216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T16:16:16Z","timestamp":1787674576000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau: current evidence, mechanistic insights, and future therapeutic perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wenxuan","family":"Si","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University","place":["Liaocheng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University","place":["Liaocheng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University","place":["Liaocheng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University","place":["Liaocheng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyaun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University","place":["Liaocheng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University","place":["Liaocheng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaocheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Liaocheng, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Zahoor","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University","place":["Liaocheng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University","place":["Liaocheng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University","place":["Liaocheng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Cytotoxic and antiviral activities of Clinacanthus nutans crude extract","volume-title":"Paper Presented at the 17th Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices (ASOMPS XVII) August 19th","author":"Abd Wahab","year":"2021"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Biological Activities of Alkaloids: From Toxicology to Pharmacology","author":"Adamski","year":"2020"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s43450-025-00620-4","article-title":"Phytochemicals in cancer therapy: modulating cell cycle, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"35","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. 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