{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T06:27:01Z","timestamp":1786688821787,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024109","name":"Uniwersytet Gda\u0144ski","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Plant-derived polyphenols, including catechins, have been extensively studied for their anticancer properties for years. However, complex plant extracts may exhibit enhanced activity compared to isolated compounds owing to synergistic\/additive phytochemical interactions. To date, the anticancer potential of extracts from\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      -grown roots of\n                      <jats:italic>Reynoutria japonica<\/jats:italic>\n                      Houtt., a plant rich in catechins, has not been investigated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer activity of\n                      <jats:italic>R. japonica<\/jats:italic>\n                      root extract obtained from\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      culture and to compare its effects with isolated catechins, with particular emphasis on the extract\u2019s potent synergistic\/additive effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Methanolic root extracts and pure catechins were tested against five human cancer cell lines (A549, MDA-MB-231, Ramos, Namalwa, Raji) and human fibroblasts (BJ) as a control using the MTT assay. The mode of cell death was assessed by flow cytometry and Annexin V-FITC\/PI staining.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      toxicity of the extract and pure compounds was evaluated in the insect model\n                      <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The root extract induced a reduction in cancer cell viability comparable to that observed for isolated catechins, despite containing substantially lower concentrations of these compounds. This effect was most pronounced in lymphoma cells, which showed the highest sensitivity to extract treatment. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that the extract predominantly triggered apoptotic cell death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Despite its low catechin concentration, the extract from roots of\n                      <jats:italic>R. japonica<\/jats:italic>\n                      Houtt. Exhibits biological activity comparable to that of higher concentrations of pure catechins, suggesting possible synergistic or additive interactions within the phytochemical matrix. Furthermore, toxicological evaluation in the insect model revealed no adverse effects of the extract at biologically active doses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1904230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T05:32:24Z","timestamp":1786685544000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anticancer potential of Reynoutria japonica Houtt. in vitro root extract on lymphoma cell lines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Sroka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk","place":["Gdansk, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"Jacyno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences","place":["Warsaw, Poland"]},{"name":"Doctoral School of Translational Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education","place":["Warsaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Nowicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk","place":["Gdansk, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Makowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szopa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Plant and Mushroom Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Medical College","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kubica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Plant and Mushroom Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Medical College","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kr\u00f3licka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk","place":["Gdansk, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Stasi\u0142oj\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, Medical University of Gdansk","place":["Gdansk, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines14061297","article-title":"Antioxidant, redox, and immunomodulatory effects of Hypericum perforatum in the galleria mellonella: a 3R-Oriented invertebrate model","volume":"14","author":"Battal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1701\/2715.27715","article-title":"An overview of pre-clinical studies on the effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a catechin found in green tea, in treatment of pancreatic cancer","volume":"108","author":"Bimonte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Recenti Prog. Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00016","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00016-23","article-title":"Studies of Streptococcus anginosus virulence in Dictyostelium discoideum and Galleria mellonella models. Freitag NE","volume":"91","author":"Budziaszek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8091164","article-title":"Review of natural compounds for the management and prevention of lymphoma","volume":"8","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2600-y","article-title":"Prenylated flavonoid-enriched fraction from Maclura tinctoria shows biological activity against Staphylococcus aureus and protects Galleria mellonella larvae from bacterial infection","volume":"19","author":"Das Chagas Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891652","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.891652","article-title":"Multidrug resistance in cancer: understanding molecular mechanisms, immunoprevention and therapeutic approaches","volume":"12","author":"Emran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10713","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810713","article-title":"Green tea catechins: nature\u2019s way of preventing and treating cancer","volume":"23","author":"Farhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51316-z","article-title":"Immunophenotyping of hemocytes from infected Galleria mellonella larvae as an innovative tool for immune profiling, infection studies and drug screening","volume":"14","author":"Gallorini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"1422","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate from green tea exhibits potent anticancer effects in A-549 non-small lung cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and inhibition of cell migration","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. BUON Off. J. Balk. Union Oncol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155845","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of t-cinnamaldehyde: an approach to its mechanistic principle towards enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)","volume":"132","author":"Karczewska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-021-00432-8","article-title":"Influence of Helichrysum arenarium on hemocyte-mediated immune responses and phenoloxidase enzyme activity of model organism Galleria mellonella (L.)","volume":"41","author":"Kaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2022.104327","article-title":"Assessment of antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized from root extract of Reynoutria japonica houtt","volume":"15","author":"Khuda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112179","article-title":"Anti-cancer effects of ethanol extract of Reynoutria japonica houtt. Radix in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via inhibition of MAPK and PI3K\/Akt signaling pathways","volume":"245","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2010.06.013","article-title":"The antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of green tea polyphenols: a role in cancer prevention","volume":"501","author":"Lambert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150907","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces immunogenic cell death and enhances cancer immunotherapy in colorectal cancer","volume":"736","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060783","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1060783","article-title":"Anticarcinogenic potentials of tea catechins","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410637","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1410637","article-title":"Polyploid giant cancer cells: origin, possible pathways of formation, characteristics, and mechanisms of regulation","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105977","article-title":"Tea polyphenol EGC suppresses colorectal cancer cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo via downregulation of STAT3","volume":"112","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4190","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184190","article-title":"Phenolic compounds in extracts of Hibiscus acetosella (cranberry hibiscus) and their antioxidant and antibacterial properties","volume":"25","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-024-02843-0","article-title":"Agitated and temporary immersion bioreactor cultures of Reynoutria japonica houtt. As a rich source of phenolic compounds","volume":"158","author":"Makowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Cell. Tissue Organ Cult. PCTOC"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.11.023","article-title":"Effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on mitochondrial integrity and antioxidative enzyme activity in the aging process of human fibroblast","volume":"44","author":"Meng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13021","article-title":"AKT in cancer: new molecular insights and advances in drug development","volume":"82","author":"Mundi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.08.079","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis by epigallocatechin-3-gallate in human lymphoblastoid B cells","volume":"362","author":"Noda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s41207-018-0071-z","article-title":"Comparative study of the toxicity of phenolic compounds of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and false fennel (aneth graveolens) on Galleria mellonella (lepidoptera, pyralidae)","volume":"3","author":"Oulebsir-Mohandkaci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro-Mediterr J. Environ. Integr."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.05.007","article-title":"Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum sieb.et zucc.: a review","volume":"148","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9070844","article-title":"Large-scale plant production of Lycium barbarum L. by liquid culture in temporary immersion system and possible application to the synthesis of bioactive substance","volume":"9","author":"Ruta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2011.645805","article-title":"Targeting the MAPK\u2013RAS\u2013RAF signaling pathway in cancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Santarpia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12009","article-title":"Anti\u2010infective properties of epigallocatechin\u20103\u2010gallate (EGCG), a component of green tea","volume":"168","author":"Steinmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041845","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of phenolic compounds in medicinal plants\u2014natural health products for human health","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.3390\/app10062065","article-title":"Anti-cancer activity of catechin against A549 lung carcinoma cells by induction of cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 and suppression of cyclin E1 and P\u2013AKT","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgeb.2025.100553","article-title":"Exploring the anticancer and antioxidant properties of Lagerstroemia speciosa bark extract via phytochemical and molecular docking analysis","volume":"23","author":"Sweety","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"192","volume-title":"The Establishment and Spread of Alien Plant Species (Kenophytes) in the Flora of Poland","author":"Tokarska-Guzik","year":"2005"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12724","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c02927","article-title":"Role of phytonutrients in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases: a concrete review","volume":"10","author":"Tufail","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-080-5_20","article-title":"Cell sensitivity assays: the MTT assay","volume-title":"Cancer Cell Culture","author":"Van Meerloo","year":"2011"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154896","article-title":"Citri reticulatae pericarpium-reynoutria japonica houtt. Herb pair suppresses breast cancer liver metastasis by targeting ECM1-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis pathway","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11539-w","article-title":"Production of bioactive plant secondary metabolites through in vitro Technologies\u2014Status and outlook","volume":"105","author":"Wawrosch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"1","volume-title":"WHO Report on Cancer: Setting Priorities, Investing Wisely and Providing Care for all","year":"2020"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.04.044","article-title":"Continuous ERK activation downregulates antiproliferative genes throughout G1 phase to allow cell-cycle progression","volume":"16","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00061","article-title":"Effects of physiological levels of the green tea extract Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on breast cancer cells","volume":"5","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348076","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1348076","article-title":"Natural products reverse cancer multidrug resistance","volume":"15","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1904230\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T05:32:25Z","timestamp":1786685545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1904230\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1904230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1904230","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"article-number":"1904230"}}