{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:04:40Z","timestamp":1789470280476,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bee venom (\n                      <jats:italic>Apis mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is a complex biological secretion rich in peptides, enzymes, and bioactive molecules with recognized pharmacological potential. Environmental conditions may influence venom composition; however, geographic variation in the bee venom proteome remains insufficiently characterized, particularly in South American Mediterranean ecosystems, including central Chile.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Venom from multiple\n                      <jats:italic>A. mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonies within each sampling area of the Valpara\u00edso Region, Chile, was pooled to generate one composite sample per geographic zone: Sea Level, Inland Valley, and Andean Foothill. Two analytical aliquots from each pooled sample were independently processed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS). Protein identification and label-free quantification were performed using MaxLFQ and iBAQ, and differential abundance was assessed using DEqMS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 679 proteins were identified. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering showed reproducible grouping of analytical duplicates by geographic origin, indicating distinct proteomic profiles among zones. Differential abundance analysis identified proteins with significant abundance changes between regions, particularly between Sea Level and Inland Valley. Classical venom components, including melittin and phospholipase A2, predominated across samples, whereas proteins associated with stress response, redox regulation, metabolism, and secretion showed geographic variation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bee venom from geographically distinct areas of central Chile exhibited exploratory proteomic differences, primarily in protein abundance patterns. Although the absence of independent biological replicates limits population-level inference, these patterns suggest environmentally associated proteomic plasticity potentially relevant to biological activity and pharmacological standardization. Further studies incorporating biological replication, targeted validation, and functional assays are required to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1904856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:45:09Z","timestamp":1788929109000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploratory proteomic characterization of Apis mellifera venom across an environmental gradient in central Chile"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Marcos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Vi\u00f1a del Mar","place":["Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Campos-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Vi\u00f1a del Mar","place":["Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rina","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello","place":["Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yerko","family":"Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Vi\u00f1a del Mar","place":["Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Chile"]},{"name":"Mag\u00edster en Ciencias M\u00e9dicas menci\u00f3n Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso","place":["Valpara\u00edso, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Villena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mag\u00edster en Ciencias M\u00e9dicas menci\u00f3n Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso","place":["Valpara\u00edso, Chile"]},{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioensayos, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica e Ingenier\u00eda para la Salud (MEDING), Universidad de Valpara\u00edso","place":["Valpara\u00edso, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"P\u00e1rraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mag\u00edster en Ciencias M\u00e9dicas menci\u00f3n Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso","place":["Valpara\u00edso, Chile"]},{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioensayos, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica e Ingenier\u00eda para la Salud (MEDING), Universidad de Valpara\u00edso","place":["Valpara\u00edso, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Sotomayor-Z\u00e1rate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Neurobiolog\u00eda y Fisiopatolog\u00eda Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso","place":["Valpara\u00edso, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Constandil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heine","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesiology and Intensive-Care, Clinical Centre for Small Animal Health and Research, Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17030336","article-title":"How environmental and ecological stressors reprogram honey bee chemistry through the microbiome\u2013metabolome axis","volume":"17","author":"Al Naggar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.22319\/rmcp.v15i1.6572","article-title":"Principales componentes bioactivos y propiedades terap\u00e9uticas del veneno de abeja (Apis mellifera L.). 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