{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:12:29Z","timestamp":1788502349539,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012544","name":"China Medical University, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012544","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Allergic asthma, characterized by chronic airway inflammation, is often triggered by\n                      <jats:italic>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Der p). Garlic-derived allyl sulfides, including diallyl trisulfide (DATS), diallyl disulfide (DADS), and\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      -allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), possess anti-inflammatory properties, yet their effects on allergic asthma remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of these compounds on Der p-induced allergic asthma and to elucidate their underlying mechanisms\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BALB\/c mice were sensitized and challenged to develop allergic asthma and administered with DATS, DADS, or SAC. Histological phenomena were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;amp;E) staining. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed for pro-inflammatory (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-12) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-\u03b2) cytokines, as well as Th1\/Th2 markers (IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13). Serum immunoglobulins, including IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a subclasses, were quantified. Parallel experiments using A549 alveolar epithelial cells examined PI3K\/NF-\u03baB signaling via Western blot analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the tested compounds, SAC showed the strongest effects, significantly reducing inflammatory cell infiltration, restoring Th1\/Th2 balance by elevating IFN-\u03b3 and reducing IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and lowering TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and TGF-\u03b2 while enhancing IL-10. SAC also decreased total IgE and IgG1 while increasing IgG2a, suggesting a shift toward Th1-mediated immunity. In A549 cells, SAC inhibited Der p-induced PI3K and IKK expression and suppressed Akt and NF-\u03baB phosphorylation, thereby reducing IL-6 expression. Both\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      findings, complemented by structural molecular visualization, highlight SAC as the most effective for preventing and managing allergic asthma.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that SAC alleviates Der p-induced airway inflammation by modulating immune responses and downregulating PI3K\/Akt\/NF-\u03baB signaling, highlighting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for allergic asthma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1906382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:28:55Z","timestamp":1788499735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Garlic-derived allyl sulfides attenuate house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation associated with reduced PI3K\/NF-\u03baB signaling"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hsu-Chung","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Division of Chest Medicine, Chung-Kang Branch, Cheng Ching Hospital","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keng-Fan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital","place":["Kaohsiung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mann-Jen","family":"Hour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, China Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Beigang Hospital","place":["Yunlin, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, China Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Chen","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Division of Chest Medicine, Chung-Kang Branch, Cheng Ching Hospital","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Foods on Health Applications, Da-Yeh University","place":["Changhua, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Sung","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Zin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, China Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen-Chieh","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, China Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6910","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M507140200","article-title":"The house dust mite allergen Der p 1, unlike Der p 3, stimulates the expression of interleukin-8 in human airway epithelial cells via a proteinase-activated receptor-2-independent mechanism","volume":"281","author":"Adam","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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