{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:15:33Z","timestamp":1788419733938,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population-frequency evidence is indispensable for planning pharmacogenomic services, but broad ancestry categories do not reliably capture the distribution of clinically important alleles, haplotypes, and structural variants. We undertook a systematic synthesis of pharmacogenetic variation reported in Vietnamese populations and evaluated its relevance to clinical implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following a prospectively registered protocol and PRISMA 2020, we searched international and Vietnamese sources through 30 December 2025. Reports were eligible when they described Vietnamese participants and provided, or materially informed, pharmacogenetic genotype or allele-frequency evidence. Variant representations were reconciled across rsIDs, star alleles, haplotypes, copy-number changes, hybrid alleles, repeats, and HLA alleles. For variants with at least two independent rows, frequencies were synthesized with random-effects logit models; single-row estimates used Wilson confidence intervals. Orientation-validated single-rsID variants were compared with the 1,000 Genomes AFR, AMR, EAS, EUR, and SAS superpopulations with false-discovery-rate control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 207 records, 54 full-text reports were assessed and 52 were retained in the systematic review; 46 independent reports or datasets contributed to the primary meta-analysis. The evidence comprised 108 analysis-ready variant representations across 25 pharmacogenes, including 66 single-rsID and 42 complex or non-rsID representations. Ninety-five representations were supported by one study row. Among included reports, 11 were at low, 38 at moderate, and 3 at high risk of bias; none of the 46 quantitative reports was classified as high risk. Prominent estimates were\n                      <jats:italic>VKORC1<\/jats:italic>\n                      -1639G&amp;gt;A, 89.91% (95% CI 81.13-94.86);\n                      <jats:italic>VKORC1<\/jats:italic>\n                      1173C&amp;gt;T, 85.43% (81.61-88.56);\n                      <jats:italic>SLCO1B1<\/jats:italic>\n                      c.388A&amp;gt;G, 75.95% (69.75-81.22);\n                      <jats:italic>CYP3A5<\/jats:italic>\n                      *3, 60.81% (44.96-74.67);\n                      <jats:italic>ABCB1<\/jats:italic>\n                      3435C&amp;gt;T, 40.28% (32.62-48.44);\n                      <jats:italic>ABCG2<\/jats:italic>\n                      c.421C&amp;gt;A, 36.00% (29.67-42.86);\n                      <jats:italic>CYP2C19<\/jats:italic>\n                      *2, 27.90% (26.57-29.27);\n                      <jats:italic>NAT2<\/jats:italic>\n                      *6, 27.00% (18.69-37.31); and\n                      <jats:italic>CYP2C19<\/jats:italic>\n                      *3, 5.74% (4.82-6.82). Eighteen of 20 variants in the principal global comparison were within 5 percentage points of EAS; larger differences occurred for\n                      <jats:italic>ABCB1<\/jats:italic>\n                      3435C&amp;gt;T (\u221219.9 points) and\n                      <jats:italic>CYP3A5<\/jats:italic>\n                      *3 (\u22127.2 points).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vietnamese pharmacogenomic frequencies are regionally East Asian-adjacent but not interchangeable with a generic East Asian reference. Implementation should combine local frequency evidence with guideline strength, preventable clinical harm, medication use, and assay complexity, while preserving haplotype and structural-variant information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/7VTNW<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier 7VTNW.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1921144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:41:35Z","timestamp":1788417695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vietnamese pharmacogenomic variation in global context: a systematic review and meta-analysis for clinical implementation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Van Thi Bich","family":"Hoang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Hai Phong, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh Van","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Hai Phong, Vietnam"]},{"name":"Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Hai Phong, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tham Thi","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Hai Phong, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quynh Thi","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Hai Phong, Vietnam"]},{"name":"Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Hai Phong, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai Thi Quynh","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Hai Phong, Vietnam"]},{"name":"Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Hai Phong, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khai Van","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Hai Phong, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phuong Thi Thu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Hai Phong, Vietnam"]},{"name":"Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Hai Phong, Vietnam"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Hai Phong International Hospital","place":["Hai Phong, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","article-title":"1000 genomes project consortium. A global reference for human genetic variation","volume":"526","author":"Auton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-203104","article-title":"Meta-analysis of prevalence","volume":"67","author":"Barendregt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.113","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium (CPIC) guidelines for CYP3A5 genotype and tacrolimus dosing","volume":"98","author":"Birdwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2903","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics consortium guideline for CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 genotypes and serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants","volume":"114","author":"Bousman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200215666140130124910","article-title":"Incorporation of pharmacogenomics into routine clinical practice: the clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline development process","volume":"15","author":"Caudle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12692","article-title":"Standardizing CYP2D6 genotype to phenotype translation: consensus recommendations from the clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium and Dutch pharmacogenetics working group","volume":"13","author":"Caudle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"CPIC Guidelines","year":"2019"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group","year":"2024"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2557","article-title":"The clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for SLCO1B1, ABCG2, and CYP2C9 genotypes and statin-associated musculoskeletal symptoms","volume":"111","author":"Cooper-DeHoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2149","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for CYP2D6, OPRM1, and COMT genotypes and select opioid therapy","volume":"110","author":"Crews","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control Clin. Trials"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1477","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for CYP2B6 and efavirenz-containing antiretroviral therapy","volume":"106","author":"Desta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2014.86","article-title":"Pharmacogenomic information in drug labels: European medicines agency perspective","volume":"15","author":"Ehmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020526","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics - drug disposition, drug targets, and side effects","volume":"348","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2013.825581","article-title":"Complexities of CYP2D6 gene analysis and interpretation","volume":"25","author":"Gaedigk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2016.80","article-title":"Prediction of CYP2D6 phenotype from genotype across world populations","volume":"19","author":"Gaedigk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.910","article-title":"The pharmacogene variation (PharmVar) consortium: incorporation of the human cytochrome P450 allele nomenclature database","volume":"103","author":"Gaedigk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.10","article-title":"Use of pharmacogenetic and clinical factors to predict the therapeutic dose of warfarin","volume":"84","author":"Gage","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1793-z","article-title":"The GenomeAsia 100K project enables genetic discoveries across Asia","volume":"576","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.209","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for HLA-B genotype and allopurinol dosing","volume":"93","author":"Hershfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1322","article-title":"Standardized biogeographic grouping system for annotating populations in pharmacogenetic research","volume":"105","author":"Huddart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-022-01243-2","article-title":"Dutch pharmacogenetics working group (DPWG) guideline for the gene-drug interaction between UGT1A1 and irinotecan","volume":"31","author":"Hulshof","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-018-0157-3","article-title":"Integrating rare genetic variants into pharmacogenetic drug response predictions","volume":"12","author":"Ingelman-Sundberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Genomics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.07.173","article-title":"Genetic variants in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene predict irinotecan toxicity","volume":"22","author":"Innocenti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.668","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for pharmacogenetics-guided warfarin dosing: 2017 update","volume":"102","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2308-7","article-title":"The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans","volume":"581","author":"Karczewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2008","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for CYP2C9 and HLA-B genotypes and phenytoin dosing: 2020 update","volume":"109","author":"Karnes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11030179","article-title":"Pharmacogenomic biomarkers in US FDA-approved drug labels (2000-2020)","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0809329","article-title":"Estimation of the warfarin dose with clinical and pharmacogenetic data","volume":"360","author":"Klein","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1062","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1153","article-title":"ClinVar: improving access to variant interpretations and supporting evidence","volume":"46","author":"Landrum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41525-020-0119-1","article-title":"Emerging strategies to bridge the gap between pharmacogenomic research and its clinical implementation","volume":"5","author":"Lauschke","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Genom Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2526","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for CYP2C19 genotype and clopidogrel therapy: 2022 update","volume":"112","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2015","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for CYP2C19 and proton pump inhibitor dosing","volume":"109","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15891","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015891","article-title":"Single nucleotide and structural variants of CYP2D6 gene in kinh Vietnamese population","volume":"98","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Baltim."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"Systematic Review and meta-analysis of Pharmacogenetic Allele and Genotype Frequencies in the Vietnamese Population Compared with Global Populations","author":"Phuong","year":"2025"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-022-00572-8","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics: current status and future perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Pirmohamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/538161a","article-title":"Genomics is failing on diversity","volume":"538","author":"Popejoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2014.125","article-title":"The clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for SLCO1B1 and simvastatin-induced myopathy: 2014 update","volume":"96","author":"Ramsey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15817","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics in the clinic","volume":"526","author":"Relling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1304","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for thiopurine dosing based on TPMT and NUDT15 genotypes: 2018 update","volume":"105","author":"Relling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1651","article-title":"The clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium: 10 years later","volume":"107","author":"Relling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31276-0","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics","volume":"394","author":"Roden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41439-021-00135-z","article-title":"Prevalence of pharmacogenomic variants in 100 pharmacogenes among Southeast Asian populations under the collaboration of the Southeast Asian pharmacogenomics research network (SEAPharm)","volume":"8","author":"Runcharoen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Genome Var."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.161","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium (CPIC) guidelines for human leukocyte antigen B (HLA-B) genotype and allopurinol dosing: 2015 update","volume":"99","author":"Saito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2738784","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2738784","article-title":"Comparison between the HLA-B*58:01 allele and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in chromosome 6 for prediction of allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions","volume":"2017","author":"Saksit","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1348","article-title":"Seriously misleading results using inverse of freeman-tukey double arcsine transformation in meta-analysis of single proportions","volume":"10","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g7647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and Meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation","volume":"350","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.02.048","article-title":"The missing diversity in human genetic studies","volume":"177","author":"Sirugo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.34","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte - an update of guidelines","volume":"89","author":"Swen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01841-4","article-title":"A 12-gene pharmacogenetic panel to prevent adverse drug reactions: an open-label, multicentre, controlled, cluster-randomised crossover implementation study","volume":"401","author":"Swen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1830","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for CYP2C9 and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"108","author":"Theken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-008-0573-8","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics of CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and MDR1 in Vietnam","volume":"65","author":"Veiga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2019.1685546","article-title":"CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism in the Vietnamese population","volume":"46","author":"Vu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2350","article-title":"An evidence-based framework for evaluating pharmacogenomics knowledge for personalized medicine","volume":"110","author":"Whirl-Carrillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1921144\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:41:46Z","timestamp":1788417706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1921144\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1921144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1921144","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1921144"}}