{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T08:20:44Z","timestamp":1789114844853,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031935","name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IDT2412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDT2412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031935","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031935","name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["the Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training Program (IDT) of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training Program (IDT) of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031935","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common malignant skin neoplasm for which current therapeutic options for advanced and metastatic cases remain limited and are associated with considerable toxicity. Plasma-activated solution (PAS)\u2014prepared by exposing media such as culture medium, water, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to cold atmospheric plasma (CAP)\u2014has emerged as a novel antitumor strategy. In recent years, PAS has garnered increasing attention owing to its advantages over direct CAP application, including ease of storage and clinical administration. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of PAS in cSCC. In this study, we established an\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    skin cancer model treated with PAS, as well as an\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    xenograft tumor model.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments demonstrated that PAS significantly suppressed xenograft tumor growth, as evidenced by reductions in both tumor volume and weight, along with a decreased number of Ki-67-positive proliferating cells, without inducing body weight loss or organ damage in treated mice. These antitumor effects were associated with upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, downregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and suppression of Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) expression.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays revealed that PAS elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and induced mitochondrial dysfunction, while modulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax\/Bcl-2) and the migration-associated molecule MMP9. These effects were consistently validated in two squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, HSC-1 and SCL-1. The activation of the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway and subsequent upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression were also detected in PAS-treated cells. PAS treatment led to tumor cell apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, rather than inducing significant cell cycle arrest. Collectively, PAS exhibits potent antitumor activity without appreciable systemic toxicity. Our findings provide a promising therapeutic approach for cSCC and suggest PAS as a potential strategy for the treatment of other solid tumors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1921696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T07:22:45Z","timestamp":1789111365000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inhibitory effects of cold atmospheric plasma-activated solution on cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jingfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, 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