{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T08:07:15Z","timestamp":1789546035950,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Honey-based biomaterials have gained increasing interest as topical strategies for wound-related applications because of their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and tissue-supportive properties. However, the direct use of raw honey is limited by its viscosity, variability, and lack of standardized delivery systems. This study aimed to perform a preliminary\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      pharmacological evaluation of a Chilean honey hydrogel (CHH) formulated with honey, chitosan, and gelatin for potential veterinary wound-related applications.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight Chilean honey samples with varying contributions of Quillay (\n                      <jats:italic>Quillaja saponaria<\/jats:italic>\n                      Molina) were physicochemical characterized before hydrogel preparation. CHH formulations containing different relative honey proportions were evaluated in NIH\/3T3 murine fibroblasts using the resazurin reduction assay as an indirect indicator of cellular metabolic\/reducing activity. Nitrite accumulation was assessed using the Griess method as an indirect marker of nitric oxide-mediated activation. Antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                      was evaluated using agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays, and the results were compared with those of raw honey and selected antibiotics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All honey samples met basic physicochemical quality criteria. CHH formulations did not reduce fibroblast metabolic activity, whereas CHH-50% and CHH-100% significantly increased resazurin reduction compared with untreated control cells. Raw honey significantly increased nitrite accumulation, whereas CHH formulations did not increase nitrite levels under the experimental conditions tested. In agar diffusion assays, CHH produced larger and more homogeneous inhibition zones than raw honey against\n                      <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                      , increasing the mean inhibition zone diameter from 10.98 \u00b1 5.00\u00a0mm to 16.19 \u00b1 1.82\u00a0mm. MIC assays further supported this effect, with CHH showing lower and less variable MIC values than raw honey. The median MIC decreased from 16.92\u00a0mg\/mL for raw honey to 4.16\u00a0mg\/mL for CHH, while MIC90 decreased from 104.17 to 10.42\u00a0mg\/mL. As expected, amoxicillin\u2013clavulanic acid and cefadroxil showed lower MIC values than CHH.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings support CHH as a biocompatible honey-derived formulation with improved antibacterial performance compared with raw honey under\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      conditions. However, this study should be interpreted as a preliminary pharmacological evaluation rather than evidence of wound-healing efficacy. Further hydrogel characterization, mechanistic, bactericidal, canine skin cell, and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies are required to determine its translational relevance for veterinary wound management.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1923388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:46:07Z","timestamp":1789544767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vitro pharmacological evaluation of the safety and antibacterial efficacy of a Chilean honey hydrogel for veterinary wound applications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Andrea Julieta","family":"M\u00fcller-Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O\u2019Higgins","place":["San Fernando, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliam","family":"Monsalve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O\u2019Higgins","place":["San Fernando, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Campos-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Toxicolog\u00eda, Escuela de Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso","place":["Valpara\u00edso, Chile"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n de Productos Bioactivos, Escuela de Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso","place":["Valpara\u00edso, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeska","family":"Guevara-Torrej\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Toxicolog\u00eda, Escuela de Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso","place":["Valpara\u00edso, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ceriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Innovaci\u00f3n Terap\u00e9utica y Diagn\u00f3stico Molecular, Escuela de Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso","place":["Valpara\u00edso, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Foerster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inocuidad Alimentaria, Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O\u2019Higgins","place":["San Fernando, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ram.2021.12.001","article-title":"Characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-positive staphylococcus isolated in a veterinary teaching hospital in Chile","volume":"54","author":"Abusleme","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. 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