{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:04:43Z","timestamp":1789538683800,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial resistance creates an urgent need for new antibacterial strategies, and medicinal plants remain an important source of chemically diverse bioactive metabolites. This study investigated the antibacterial potential of\n                    <jats:italic>Arctium lappa<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. (greater burdock) naturalized in the United States using a genome-guided approach integrated with microbiological and mechanistic assays. Genome mining identified 35 putative biosynthetic gene clusters associated with diverse specialized metabolite classes. An 80% aqueous ethanol leaf extract was evaluated against six ESKAPE-like bacterial strains:\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                    RIT857 and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 25923 (Gram-positive), and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    RIT3131,\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. RIT587,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 27853, and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. RIT637 (Gram-negative). MIC and MBC values ranged from 64 to 512 and 128\u2013512\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL, respectively, while MBIC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values ranged from 64 to 256\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL. Time-kill assays demonstrated bactericidal activity, with Gram-negative strains reaching a \u22653-log10 reduction within 6\u00a0h and Gram-positive strains showing slower killing kinetics. LIVE\/DEAD staining, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy showed changes consistent with compromised membrane integrity, while H2DCFDA assays showed increased intracellular ROS in\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (181% \u00b1 11%) and\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (214% \u00b1 13%) relative to untreated controls. A modified disk diffusion assay also showed increased inhibition zones for selected extract\u2013antibiotic combinations. The individual metabolites responsible for these effects were not chemically identified, which limits direct linkage between predicted biosynthetic pathways and observed activity. Overall, the findings demonstrate antibacterial and biofilm-inhibitory activity of\n                    <jats:italic>A. lappa<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract and support further bioassay-guided fractionation and metabolomic characterization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1941242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:31:31Z","timestamp":1789536691000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of the antibacterial and biofilm inhibitory activities of Arctium lappa L. (greater burdock) against representative members of the ESKAPE group"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Danae Kala","family":"Rodriguez Bardaji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Rochester Institute of Technology","place":["Rochester, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Fedus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Rochester Institute of Technology","place":["Rochester, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas H. 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