{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:58:07Z","timestamp":1790852287122,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bedaquiline has transformed the treatment of multidrug- and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR\/RR-TB) and is now a core component of contemporary all-oral regimens. However, translating its distinctive pharmacokinetic properties into individualized clinical management remains challenging. Bedaquiline exhibits food-enhanced absorption, extensive plasma protein binding, broad but heterogeneous tissue distribution, cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated metabolism to the N-monodesmethyl metabolite M2, and prolonged persistence caused by tissue sequestration and slow redistribution. These features contribute to substantial interindividual variability, clinically important drug\u2013drug interactions, delayed accumulation, and residual exposure long after treatment discontinuation. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of bedaquiline; population pharmacokinetic models and determinants of exposure variability; target-site penetration; pharmacokinetics in children, pregnancy, organ dysfunction, and HIV coinfection; and clinically relevant interactions with antituberculosis and antiretroviral drugs. We also critically evaluate exposure\u2013efficacy and exposure\u2013toxicity relationships, including evidence from bedaquiline-containing multidrug regimens, and examine the potential roles of therapeutic drug monitoring, minimum inhibitory concentration-normalized exposure indices, and model-informed precision dosing. Current evidence supports administration with food, avoidance of potent\n                    <jats:italic>CYP3A<\/jats:italic>\n                    inducers, caution during prolonged\n                    <jats:italic>CYP3A<\/jats:italic>\n                    inhibition, and intensified electrocardiographic and electrolyte monitoring when QT-prolonging agents are combined. Nevertheless, no plasma, M2, area-under-the-curve, or susceptibility-normalized exposure target has been prospectively validated for routine dose adjustment. Covariate effects identified by population models are inconsistent across cohorts, and pharmacokinetic evidence remains limited in several special populations. Individualized assessment may therefore be appropriate when clinically meaningful uncertainty exists, but empirical departure from standard dosing is not currently justified. Progress toward precision dosing will require standardized sampling and susceptibility testing, measurement of unbound and target-site exposure, externally validated pharmacokinetic\u2013pharmacodynamic models, and prospective demonstration that exposure-guided interventions improve clinical outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1941682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:26:42Z","timestamp":1790850402000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bedaquiline pharmacokinetics in drug-resistant tuberculosis: from exposure variability to individualized therapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tuberculosis, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Genetic Diseases of Long-Dwelling Nationalities","place":["Baise, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Yan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The People\u2019s Hospital of Chongzuo","place":["Chongzuo, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue-Yan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mao-Shui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lab Medicine, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0139925","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01399-25","article-title":"Exposure-QTc modeling of bedaquiline, pretomanid, and clofazimine in adults with tuberculosis","volume":"70","author":"Abdelwahab","year":"2026","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ921","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in multidrug-resistant tuberculous meningitis","volume":"62","author":"Akkerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00276-15","article-title":"Determination of bedaquiline in human serum using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"59","author":"Alffenaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)31644-1","article-title":"Treatment correlates of successful outcomes in pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"392","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.22.0188","article-title":"Clinical standards for the dosing and management of TB drugs","volume":"26","author":"Alffenaar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa550","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline, delamanid and clofazimine in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"76","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1106753","article-title":"A diarylquinoline drug active on the ATP synthase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"307","author":"Andries","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600803","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00803-2016","article-title":"An updated systematic review and meta-analysis for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"49","author":"Bastos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/ftd.0000000000001164","article-title":"Effect of bedaquiline and Delamanid pharmacokinetics on sputum culture conversion and adverse events in drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"46","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.10.020","article-title":"Confirming model-predicted pharmacokinetic interactions between bedaquiline and lopinavir\/ritonavir or nevirapine in patients with HIV and drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"49","author":"Brill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e431","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf303","article-title":"The kinetics of bedaquiline diffusion in tuberculous cavities open a window for the emergence of resistance","volume":"232","author":"Bustion","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.24.0481","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and dose evaluation for second-line TB drugs in patients with diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15380","article-title":"Bedaquiline exposure in pregnancy and breastfeeding in women with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"88","author":"Court","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/qai.0b013e3182410503","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic interactions of the antituberculous agent TMC207 (bedaquiline) with efavirenz in healthy volunteers: AIDS clinical Trials Group Study A5267","volume":"59","author":"Dooley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acquir Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6934","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c06165","article-title":"Effect of disease State on the pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline in renal-impaired and diabetic rats","volume":"6","author":"Gour","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(25)00194-8","article-title":"Bedaquiline, delamanid, linezolid, and clofazimine for rifampicin-resistant and fluoroquinolone-resistant tuberculosis (endTB-Q): an open-label, multicentre, stratified, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"13","author":"Guglielmetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac024","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of between-individual variability in plasma clearance of bedaquiline and clofazimine in South Africa","volume":"226","author":"Haas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00855-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00855-17","article-title":"Impact of rifabutin or rifampin on bedaquiline safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics assessed in a randomized clinical trial with healthy adult volunteers","volume":"62","author":"Healan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12121385","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety of Group A and B anti-tuberculosis drugs used in treatment of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis during pregnancy and post-partum: A narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Hughes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac252","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety of bedaquiline in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and negative older children and adolescents with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"75","author":"Hughes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12707","article-title":"Development of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for standard of care and newer tuberculosis drugs","volume":"10","author":"Humphries","year":"2021","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106939","article-title":"The effect of anti-tuberculosis drug pharmacokinetics on QTc prolongation","volume":"62","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01677-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01677-19","article-title":"Validation of bedaquiline phenotypic drug susceptibility testing methods and breakpoints: a multilaboratory, multicountry study","volume":"58","author":"Kaniga","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1002\/bcp.70163","article-title":"Extrapolation of lung pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline across species using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling","volume":"91","author":"Karakitsios","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2025.124470","article-title":"Development and validation of an LC-MS\/MS multiplex assay for the quantification of bedaquiline, n-desmethyl bedaquiline, linezolid, levofloxacin, and clofazimine in dried blood spots","volume":"1252","author":"Kenfack Teponnou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12768","article-title":"A modeling-based proposal for safe and efficacious reintroduction of bedaquiline after dose interruption: a population pharmacokinetics study","volume":"11","author":"Keutzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15112543","article-title":"A single-run HPLC-MS multiplex assay for therapeutic drug monitoring of relevant First- and second-line antibiotics in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"Kohler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1887","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetic analysis of bedaquiline-clarithromycin for dose selection against pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria based on a phase 1, randomized, pharmacokinetic study","volume":"61","author":"Kurosawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-025-00525-6","article-title":"Bioequivalence study of bedaquiline and Sirturo((R)) in healthy Chinese subjects under fasting and postprandial conditions: a randomized, open-label, single-dose, crossover trial","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drugs R. D."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae256","article-title":"A pharmacometric multistate model for predicting long-term treatment outcomes of patients with pulmonary TB","volume":"79","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70264","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.70264","article-title":"An interactive pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic framework to evaluate bedaquiline dose modifications in adults with tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0163621","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01636-21","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics and bactericidal activity of bedaquiline in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"66","author":"Lyons","year":"","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0089822","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00898-22","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics and bactericidal activity of combination regimens in pulmonary tuberculosis: application to Bedaquiline-Pretomanid-Pyrazinamide","volume":"66","author":"Lyons","year":"","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0615","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic interaction between bedaquiline and clofazimine in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"22","author":"Maartens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0336210","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336210","article-title":"The peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax)\/Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of bedaquiline and levofloxacin with special attention to the sputum conversion in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Indonesia","volume":"20","author":"Mariana","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5315","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01418-13","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline (TMC207), a novel antituberculosis drug","volume":"58","author":"McLeay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-023-01217-7","article-title":"Predictions of bedaquiline and pretomanid target Attainment in lung lesions of tuberculosis patients using translational minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling","volume":"62","author":"Mehta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-024-01363-6","article-title":"Predictions of bedaquiline central nervous system exposure in patients with tuberculosis meningitis using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling","volume":"63","author":"Mehta","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15925","article-title":"Model-based dose optimization framework for bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"90","author":"Mehta","year":"","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0022","article-title":"Bedaquiline for multidrug-resistant TB in paediatric patients","volume":"25","author":"Moodliar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239920","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02399-20","article-title":"Relationship between plasma and intracellular concentrations of bedaquiline and its M2 metabolite in South African patients with rifampin-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"65","author":"Ngwalero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-74335-y","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, bactericidal activity and toxicity of short oral regimens for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis treatment","volume":"17","author":"Nyang'wa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.18.0042","article-title":"Long-term plasma pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline for multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"23","author":"Perrineau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-025-02620-x","article-title":"Predictors of therapeutic exposure and pharmacokinetic variability of second-line anti-TB drugs in MDR-TB patients: a retrospective study","volume":"53","author":"Quncuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00720-11","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TMC207 and its N-desmethyl metabolite in a murine model of tuberculosis","volume":"56","author":"Rouan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01204-07","article-title":"Early bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics of the diarylquinoline TMC207 in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"52","author":"Rustomjee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022090","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1022090","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and model-based dosing evaluation of bedaquiline in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients","volume":"14","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.24.0637","article-title":"Effect of HIV on bedaquiline and delamanid pharmacokinetics in patients with multidrug-resistant TB","volume":"29","author":"Shenje","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623317723085","article-title":"Dose- and time-dependency of the toxicity and pharmacokinetic profiles of bedaquiline and its N-desmethyl metabolite in dogs","volume":"45","author":"Smyej","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00191-13","article-title":"Model-based estimates of the effects of efavirenz on bedaquiline pharmacokinetics and suggested dose adjustments for patients coinfected with HIV and tuberculosis","volume":"57","author":"Svensson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku504","article-title":"Rifampicin and rifapentine significantly reduce concentrations of bedaquiline, a new anti-TB drug","volume":"70","author":"Svensson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12147","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline and metabolite M2 in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis: the effect of time-varying weight and albumin","volume":"5","author":"Svensson","year":"","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-015-9829-2","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions for drugs with a long half-life-evidence for the need of model-based analysis","volume":"18","author":"Svensson","year":"","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx317","article-title":"Modelling of mycobacterial load reveals bedaquiline's exposure-response relationship in patients with drug-resistant TB","volume":"72","author":"Svensson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12722","article-title":"Exposure-safety analysis of QTc interval and transaminase levels following bedaquiline administration in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Tanneau","year":"2021","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-022-01133-2","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of delamanid and its main metabolite DM-6705 in drug-resistant tuberculosis patients receiving delamanid alone or coadministered with bedaquiline","volume":"61","author":"Tanneau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2019.01.001","article-title":"Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline in Japanese patients with pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an interim analysis of an open-label, phase 2 study","volume":"57","author":"Tsuyuguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Investig."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac067","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)","volume":"77","author":"Upton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku171","article-title":"Bedaquiline: a review of human pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions","volume":"69","author":"van Heeswijk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.70047","article-title":"Establishing the Exposure-QT relationship during bedaquiline treatment using a time-varying tuberculosis-specific correction factor (QTcTBT)","volume":"14","author":"Vongjarudech","year":"2025","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B61","volume-title":"WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis: Module 4: Treatment and Care","year":"2025"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-022-01107-4","article-title":"A scoping review of the clinical pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline","volume":"61","author":"Wilby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04171-14","article-title":"Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between repeated doses of rifapentine or rifampin and a single dose of bedaquiline in healthy adult subjects","volume":"59","author":"Winter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01692-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01692-17","article-title":"Verapamil increases the bioavailability and efficacy of bedaquiline but not clofazimine in a murine model of tuberculosis","volume":"62","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0158","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline in patients with drug-resistant TB","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-12813-w","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics (PK)\/pharmacodynamics (PD) of pretomanid, delamanid and bedaquiline in the BALB\/c mouse model of central nervous system tuberculosis","volume":"26","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0081122","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00811-22","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetic modeling of bedaquiline among multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients from China","volume":"66","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1941682\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:26:44Z","timestamp":1790850404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1941682\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1941682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1941682","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"article-number":"1941682"}}