{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:03:19Z","timestamp":1789401799718,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radioligand therapy (RLT) delivers therapeutic radionuclides to tumor-associated targets through specific targeting ligands and has demonstrated substantial clinical value in malignancies such as prostate cancer and neuroendocrine tumors. Beyond its direct induction of radiation-mediated tumor cell damage, RLT has attracted increasing attention for its potential immunomodulatory effects. Current evidence suggests that RLT may create local immune conditions favorable for immunotherapy by promoting tumor antigen release, enhancing antigen presentation, and modulating the tumor immune microenvironment. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, can restore or enhance T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses. Accordingly, RLT and immunotherapy are mechanistically complementary and have shown synergistic antitumor activity in several preclinical models. However, clinical evidence supporting this combination remains preliminary, and whether preclinical synergy can be consistently translated into meaningful clinical benefit is still unclear. Following a \u201cmechanism\u2013evidence\u2013translation\u201d framework, this review summarizes the radioimmunological rationale, preclinical evidence, and clinical progress of RLT combined with immunotherapy. It also provides a descriptive overview of the available evidence and discusses key translational challenges, including dosimetry, treatment sequencing, patient selection, and long-term safety, with the aim of informing the optimization of future combination strategies and clinical trial design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1949065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:10:25Z","timestamp":1789398625000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined radioligand therapy and immunotherapy for cancer: research advances and translational challenges"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College","place":["Nanchong, China"]},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital","place":["Suining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoujun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital","place":["Suining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengjie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital","place":["Suining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital","place":["Suining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital","place":["Suining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunlong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital","place":["Suining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital","place":["Suining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengkuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital","place":["Suining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital","place":["Suining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haining","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College","place":["Nanchong, China"]},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital","place":["Suining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(23)00451-5","article-title":"Single-dose (177)Lu-PSMA-617 followed by maintenance pembrolizumab in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: an open-label, dose-expansion, phase 1 trial","volume":"24","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071466","article-title":"Short-interval, low-dose peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in combination with PD-1 checkpoint immunotherapy induces remission in immunocompromised patients with metastatic merkel cell carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Aicher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.124.269215","article-title":"Consensus nomenclature for radionuclide therapy: initial recommendations from nuclear medicine global initiative","volume":"66","author":"Al-Ibraheem","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29369","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.29369","article-title":"A review of 177Lutetium-PSMA and 225Actinium-PSMA as emerging Theranostic agents in prostate cancer","volume":"14","author":"Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352805","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1352805","article-title":"Adoptive T cell therapy for solid tumors: current landscape and future challenges","volume":"15","author":"Albarr\u00e1n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.122.264904","article-title":"Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in merkel cell carcinoma: a comprehensive review","volume":"51","author":"Askari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med. Technol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-022-00505-y","article-title":"Use of imaging-based dosimetry for personalising radiopharmaceutical therapy of cancer","volume":"22","author":"Beauregard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5792","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14235792","article-title":"A clinical guide to peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with (177)Lu-DOTATATE in neuroendocrine tumor patients","volume":"14","author":"Becx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264373","article-title":"Combined targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy and immune checkpoint blockade: from preclinical advances to the clinic","volume":"63","author":"Bellavia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0014-x","article-title":"Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy","volume":"24","author":"Binnewies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-023-06420-z","article-title":"Toward individualized dosimetry for radiopharmaceutical therapy in day-to-day clinical practice of nuclear oncology: overcoming heterogeneity of radiation-absorbed dose to tumor and critical organs","volume":"51","author":"Bodei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(22)00605-2","article-title":"PSMA and FDG-PET as predictive and prognostic biomarkers in patients given [(177)Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 versus cabazitaxel for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (TheraP): a biomarker analysis from a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"23","author":"Buteau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7948","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.39203","article-title":"Integrin \u03b1(v)\u03b2(3)-targeted radionuclide therapy combined with immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy synergistically enhances anti-tumor efficacy","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70412","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70412","article-title":"The role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy: mechanism and therapeutic advances","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17588359251387534","DOI":"10.1177\/17588359251387534","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying the abscopal effect induced by radiotherapy and its synergistic translational potential with immunotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010212","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010212","article-title":"FAP-targeted radioligand therapy with (68)Ga\/(177)Lu-DOTA-2P(FAPI)(2) enhance immunogenicity and synergize with PD-L1 inhibitors for improved antitumor efficacy","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.209510","article-title":"Combined VLA-4-Targeted radionuclide therapy and immunotherapy in a mouse model of melanoma","volume":"59","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2023.02.001","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of targeted radionuclide therapy","volume":"378","author":"Constanzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92s","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.125.270169","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in radioligand therapy","volume":"53","author":"Currie","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med. Technol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.246041","article-title":"Immune-checkpoint blockade enhances (225)Ac-PSMA617 efficacy in a mouse model of prostate cancer","volume":"62","author":"Czernin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.019","article-title":"STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing promotes radiation-induced type I interferon-dependent antitumor immunity in immunogenic tumors","volume":"41","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00473-5","article-title":"PD-L1 as a biomarker of response to immune-checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"18","author":"Doroshow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-22-2875","article-title":"FDA approval summary: Lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"29","author":"Fallah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.262344","article-title":"Response to combined peptide receptor radionuclide therapy and checkpoint immunotherapy with ipilimumab plus Nivolumab in metastatic merkel cell carcinoma","volume":"63","author":"Ferdinandus","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1719","article-title":"Radiation-induced immunogenic modulation of tumor enhances antigen processing and calreticulin exposure, resulting in enhanced T-cell killing","volume":"5","author":"Gameiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17588359211053898","DOI":"10.1177\/17588359211053898","article-title":"PSMA targeting in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: where are we and where are we going?","volume":"13","author":"Giraudet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2019.07.006","article-title":"Targeted radionuclide therapy: a historical and personal review","volume":"50","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-05054-9","article-title":"Promising potential of [(177)Lu]Lu-DOTA-folate to enhance tumor response to immunotherapy-a preclinical study using a syngeneic breast cancer model","volume":"48","author":"Guzik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0116-x","article-title":"The evolving landscape of biomarkers for checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Havel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.123.267023","article-title":"Absorbed dose-response relationship in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors treated with [(177)Lu]Lu-DOTATATE: one step closer to personalized medicine","volume":"65","author":"Hebert","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.240911","article-title":"NANETS\/SNMMI consensus statement on patient selection and appropriate use of (177)Lu-DOTATATE peptide receptor radionuclide therapy","volume":"61","author":"Hope","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6120","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.54881","article-title":"Temporal analysis of type 1 interferon activation in tumor cells following external beam radiotherapy or targeted radionuclide therapy","volume":"11","author":"Jagodinsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.2147\/itt.S485643","article-title":"Combination of radioligand therapy and immunotherapy: how to make it work in clinic?","volume":"14","author":"Jiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052290","article-title":"Alpha and beta emitters in translational nuclear medicine: clinical advances, challenges, and future direction","volume":"27","author":"Karimi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010128","article-title":"Developments in combining targeted radionuclide therapies and immunotherapies for cancer treatment","volume":"15","author":"Kerr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000980","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000980","article-title":"Phase I study of the (177)Lu-DOTA(0)-Tyr(3)-Octreotate (Lutathera) in combination with nivolumab in patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the lung","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-4332","article-title":"Combining targeted radionuclide therapy and immune checkpoint inhibition for cancer treatment","volume":"28","author":"Kleinendorst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-025-07293-0","article-title":"Efficacy of combined targeted radionuclide therapy and immune checkpoint inhibition in animal tumour models: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"52","author":"Kleinendorst","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2024.0055","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors: breakthroughs in cancer treatment","volume":"21","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s41181-019-0075-2","article-title":"Auger electrons for cancer therapy - a review","volume":"4","author":"Ku","year":"2019","journal-title":"EJNMMI Radiopharm. Chem."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02477-6","article-title":"Turning cold tumors into hot tumors to ignite immunotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6780","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.6780","article-title":"Establishing a robust radioligand therapy program: a practical approach for North American centers","volume":"13","author":"Mittra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2020.07.002","article-title":"The radiobiology of radiopharmaceuticals","volume":"31","author":"Morris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2023.101848","article-title":"Antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells: a critical axis in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"71","author":"Moussion","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13010134","article-title":"The role of antigen processing and presentation in cancer and the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Mpakali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-022-00854-y","article-title":"Tumor immunotherapies by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); the pros and cons","volume":"20","author":"Naimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17213412","article-title":"Radioligand therapy in cancer management: a global perspective","volume":"17","author":"Ninatti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.262305","article-title":"Dosimetry in radiopharmaceutical therapy","volume":"63","author":"O'Donoghue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2021.03.002","article-title":"Auger: the future of precision medicine","author":"Pirovano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.03.001","article-title":"Next generation radiotheranostics promoting precision medicine","volume":"34","author":"Pomykala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005060","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005060","article-title":"Antitumor efficacy of (90)Y-NM600 targeted radionuclide therapy and PD-1 blockade is limited by regulatory T cells in murine prostate tumors","volume":"10","author":"Potluri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2015.00012","article-title":"Introduction to radiobiology of targeted radionuclide therapy","volume":"2","author":"Pouget","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2023.07.014","article-title":"Radiopharmaceuticals as combinatorial partners for immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Pouget","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02606-8","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors reverse tolerogenic mechanisms induced by melanoma targeted radionuclide therapy","volume":"69","author":"Rouanet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212476","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1212476","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapies: advances and bottlenecks","volume":"14","author":"Rui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(26)00017-3","article-title":"[(177)Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in combination with pembrolizumab for treatment of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (PRINCE): a single-arm, phase 1b\/2 study","volume":"27","author":"Sandhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107322","article-title":"Lutetium-177-PSMA-617 for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"385","author":"Sartor","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2023.188880","article-title":"An update on merkel cell carcinoma","volume":"1878","author":"Sergi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0073-9","article-title":"Radiopharmaceutical therapy in cancer: clinical advances and challenges","volume":"19","author":"Sgouros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331364","DOI":"10.3389\/fnume.2024.1331364","article-title":"Immunological effects of radiopharmaceutical therapy","volume":"4","author":"Shea","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00701-3","article-title":"[(177)Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE plus long-acting octreotide versus high-dose long-acting octreotide for the treatment of newly diagnosed, advanced grade 2-3, well-differentiated, gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NETTER-2): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 study","volume":"403","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadu4417","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu4417","article-title":"Low-dose radiation by radiopharmaceutical therapy enhances GD2 TRAC-CAR T cell efficacy in localized neuroblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Sodji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpet.2024.03.006","article-title":"Alpha and beta radiation for theragnostics","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"PET Clin."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8877","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228877","article-title":"The impact of radiation-induced DNA damage on cGAS-STING-Mediated immune responses to cancer","volume":"21","author":"Storozynsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.79806","article-title":"Radiopharmaceuticals heat anti-tumor immunity","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01282-8","article-title":"Immunosuppressive cells in cancer: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"15","author":"Tie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-025-00096-w","article-title":"The landscape for radioligand therapies in oncology","volume":"24","author":"To","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040930","article-title":"Biomarkers of radiotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death","volume":"10","author":"Vaes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.123.266991","article-title":"Relationship between absorbed dose and response in neuroendocrine tumors treated with [(177)Lu]Lu-DOTATATE","volume":"65","author":"Warfvinge","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355388","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1355388","article-title":"Low-dose targeted radionuclide therapy synergizes with CAR T cells and enhances tumor response","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01492-8","article-title":"Challenges and new technologies in adoptive cell therapy","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02041-6","article-title":"Radiopharmaceuticals and their applications in medicine","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02305-x","article-title":"Advances in cancer immunotherapy: historical perspectives, current developments, and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01853-w","article-title":"Antitumor efficacy and potential mechanism of FAP-targeted radioligand therapy combined with immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705361","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.705361","article-title":"Immunogenic cell death induction by ionizing radiation","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1949065\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:10:26Z","timestamp":1789398626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1949065\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1949065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1949065","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"article-number":"1949065"}}