{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:05:32Z","timestamp":1790661932006,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cannabis and cannabinoid products are increasingly used by patients with cancer for symptom management and supportive care. Although cannabis is widely used to alleviate cancer- and treatment-related symptoms, many patients also believe that it possesses direct anticancer activity. This review provides a comprehensive pharmacologic and clinical assessment of cannabinoids in oncology, integrating the endocannabinoid system, cannabinoid receptor signaling, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic applications, adverse effects, drug\u2013drug interactions, and emerging antitumor research. The strongest clinical evidence supports selected cannabinoid preparations for refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, whereas evidence for cancer-related pain, appetite stimulation, sleep disturbance, anxiety, and opioid-sparing effects remains limited or inconsistent. \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) differ substantially in receptor pharmacology, psychoactive effects, metabolism, and toxicity, with important implications for product selection, dosing, and interactions with anticancer and supportive-care medications. Preclinical studies demonstrate antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antiangiogenic, and immunomodulatory effects across multiple tumor models; however, cannabinoid signaling is highly context dependent and may also promote tumor progression in selected settings. Human evidence for direct anticancer activity remains sparse, consisting predominantly of small early-phase studies and observational data, with no established improvement in tumor response, progression-free survival, or overall survival. Particular caution is warranted regarding neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular toxicity, pharmacokinetic drug interactions, and the potential influence of cannabis on immune checkpoint inhibitor outcomes. Overall, cannabinoids have defined but limited roles in supportive oncology, while their direct antitumor potential remains investigational. Future studies should prioritize standardized formulations, pharmacologically informed dosing, rigorous randomized designs, clinically meaningful endpoints, and biomarker-based approaches to define therapeutic benefit and risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1969657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:51:20Z","timestamp":1790661080000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cannabinoids in oncology: pharmacology, clinical applications, and translational perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Safran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine","place":["Portland, ME, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Safran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University","place":["Providence, RI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University","place":["Providence, RI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123567","article-title":"Can cannabinoids be a potential therapeutic tool in hepatocellular carcinoma?","volume":"12","author":"Afrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-022-07480-x","article-title":"Multinational association of supportive care in cancer (MASCC) expert opinion\/consensus guidance on the use of cannabinoids for gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with cancer","volume":"31","author":"Alderman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019","article-title":"Cannabis sativa: the plant of the thousand and one molecules","volume":"7","author":"Andre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21218","article-title":"Effect of cannabidiol and \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol on driving performance: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"Arkell","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092447","article-title":"Cannabis consumption used by cancer patients during immunotherapy correlates with poor clinical outcome","volume":"12","author":"Bar-Sela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-025-09218-x","article-title":"The impact of cannabis on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a systematic review of immunomodulatory effects of cannabis in patients with and without cancer","volume":"33","author":"Behling-Hess","year":"2025","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-021-00073-1","article-title":"Consensus recommendations on dosing and administration of medical cannabis to treat chronic pain: results of a modified Delphi process","volume":"3","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cannabis Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11792-4","article-title":"A randomised phase II trial of temozolomide with or without cannabinoids in patients with recurrent glioblastoma (ARISTOCRAT): protocol for a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Bhaskaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgu205","article-title":"Chemopreventive effect of the nonpsychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental colon carcinogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Borrelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.1221","article-title":"Medical oncologists' beliefs, practices, and knowledge regarding Marijuana used therapeutically: a nationally representative survey study","volume":"36","author":"Braun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.02596","article-title":"Cannabis and cannabinoids in adults with cancer: ASCO guideline","volume":"42","author":"Braun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032885","article-title":"Drug\u2013drug interactions of cannabidiol with standard-of-care chemotherapeutics","volume":"24","author":"Buchtova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-9-196","article-title":"Cannabinoids reduce ErbB2-driven breast cancer progression through Akt inhibition","volume":"9","author":"Caffarel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.3c00782","article-title":"Cannabidiol inhibits epithelial ovarian cancer: role of gut microbiome","volume":"87","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-024-09087-w","article-title":"Adverse events associated with the use of cannabis-based products in people living with cancer: a systematic scoping review","volume":"33","author":"Cheah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-026-10856-y","article-title":"Cannabinoids and opioid consumption in cancer pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Creang\u0103-Murariu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0284-z","article-title":"Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders","volume":"16","author":"Cristino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-008-0482-3","article-title":"Increased expression of cannabinoid receptor-1 and transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 in human prostate carcinoma","volume":"135","author":"Czifra","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2018.3532","article-title":"Cannabinoids in cancer treatment: therapeutic potential and legislation","volume":"19","author":"Dari\u0161","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)09876-1","article-title":"Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain","volume":"34","author":"Devane","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1470919","article-title":"Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor","volume":"258","author":"Devane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0374-6","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system and its modulation by phytocannabinoids","volume":"12","author":"Di Marzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-3278(95)90077-2","article-title":"Anandamide, an endogenous cannabinomimetic eicosanoid: 'killing two birds with one stone","volume":"53","author":"Di Marzo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prostagl. Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3876","article-title":"Endocannabinoid signalling and the deteriorating brain","volume":"16","author":"Di Marzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03743.x","article-title":"Preliminary efficacy and safety of an oromucosal standardized cannabis extract in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting","volume":"70","author":"Duran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2014.12.010","article-title":"Modulation of the tumor microenvironment and inhibition of EGF\/EGFR pathway: novel anti-tumor mechanisms of cannabidiol in breast cancer","volume":"9","author":"Elbaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463717710042","article-title":"Sativex oromucosal spray as adjunctive therapy in advanced cancer patients with chronic pain inadequately controlled by optimized opioid therapy: two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 studies","volume":"11","author":"Fallon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pain"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0390-1","article-title":"GPR55 signalling promotes proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells and tumour growth in mice, and its inhibition increases the effects of gemcitabine","volume":"37","author":"Ferro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.07.020","article-title":"Oral THC:CBD cannabis extract for refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II crossover trial","volume":"31","author":"Grimison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4040","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.01836","article-title":"Oral cannabis extract for secondary prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: final results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II\/III trial","volume":"42","author":"Grimison","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200342040-00003","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids","volume":"42","author":"Grotenhermen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0045","article-title":"Cannabis as an anticancer agent: a review of clinical data and assessment of case reports","volume":"7","author":"Guggisberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1188","article-title":"Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents","volume":"3","author":"Guzm\u00e1n","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603236","article-title":"A pilot clinical study of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"95","author":"Guzm\u00e1n","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1039\/c6np00074f","article-title":"Phytocannabinoids: a unified critical inventory","volume":"33","author":"Hanu\u0161","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31030","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptor GPR55 promotes colorectal cancer and has opposing effects to cannabinoid receptor 1","volume":"142","author":"Hasenoehrl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1297","article-title":"European pain Federation (EFIC) position paper on appropriate use of cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for chronic pain management","volume":"22","author":"H\u00e4user","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD014915","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014915.pub2","article-title":"Cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain","volume":"6","author":"H\u00e4user","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2023.102195","article-title":"2023 MASCC and ESMO guideline update for the prevention of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting","volume":"9","author":"Herrstedt","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.54.2.161","article-title":"International union of pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors","volume":"54","author":"Howlett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"15","article-title":"Cannabis (marijuana) - effects on human performance and behavior","volume":"14","author":"Huestis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200790152","article-title":"Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics","volume":"4","author":"Huestis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0377-3","article-title":"Molecular targets of cannabidiol in neurological disorders","volume":"12","author":"Ibeas Bih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26133866","article-title":"Pros and cons of the cannabinoid system in cancer: focus on hematological malignancies","volume":"26","author":"Irrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.20.2.567","article-title":"Dronabinol versus megestrol acetate versus combination therapy for cancer-associated anorexia: a north central cancer treatment group study","volume":"20","author":"Jatoi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.06.008","article-title":"Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of THC:CBD extract and THC extract in patients with intractable cancer-related pain","volume":"39","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2025.8215","article-title":"Cannabis and mental health: a review","volume":"186","author":"Kansagara","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4299","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174299","article-title":"Anti-cancer activity of Cannabis sativa phytocannabinoids: molecular mechanisms and potential in the fight against ovarian cancer and stem cells","volume":"14","author":"Koltai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00361","article-title":"Preclinical and clinical assessment of cannabinoids as anti-cancer agents","volume":"7","author":"Ladin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15398","article-title":"Evidence of a clinically significant drug-drug interaction between cannabidiol and tacrolimus","volume":"19","author":"Leino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-3301","article-title":"Cannabinoids promote progression of HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via p38 MAPK activation","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6022","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200075y","article-title":"The metabolic serine hydrolases and their functions in mammalian physiology and disease","volume":"111","author":"Long","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.09.007","article-title":"Targeting glioma-initiating cells with a combined therapy of cannabinoids and temozolomide","volume":"157","author":"L\u00f3pez-Valero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.07.028","article-title":"An introduction to the endogenous cannabinoid system","volume":"79","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13710","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids","volume":"84","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1280-0","article-title":"Cannabidiol rather than Cannabis sativa extracts inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells","volume":"16","author":"Lukhele","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2015.02.008","article-title":"Endocannabinoid signaling at the periphery: 50 years after THC","volume":"36","author":"Maccarrone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01671.x","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors: where they are and what they do","volume":"20","author":"Mackie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15257","article-title":"The effects of cannabidiol via TRPV2 channel in chronic myeloid leukemia cells and its combination with imatinib","volume":"113","author":"Maggi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-024-00227-x","article-title":"Cannabidiol's cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer is induced via an upregulation of ceramide synthase 1 and ER stress","volume":"6","author":"Mangal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cannabis Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5409","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155409","article-title":"The effects of cannabidiol and prognostic role of TRPV2 in human endometrial cancer","volume":"21","author":"Marinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/346561a0","article-title":"Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA","volume":"346","author":"Matsuda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-07-0371","article-title":"Cannabidiol as a novel inhibitor of Id-1 gene expression in aggressive breast cancer cells","volume":"6","author":"McAllister","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-010-1177-4","article-title":"Pathways mediating the effects of cannabidiol on the reduction of breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis","volume":"129","author":"McAllister","year":"2011","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14038","article-title":"A systematic review of cannabidiol dosing in clinical populations","volume":"85","author":"Millar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45541-9_4","article-title":"Molecular targets of the phytocannabinoids: a complex picture","volume":"103","author":"Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28591","article-title":"The effects of cannabidiol and its synergism with bortezomib in multiple myeloma cell lines. A role for transient receptor potential vanilloid type-2","volume":"134","author":"Morelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids","volume":"365","author":"Munro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.123.001121","article-title":"The development of cannabinoids as therapeutic agents in the United States","volume":"76","author":"Murray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15092505","article-title":"A phase I dose-escalation and expansion study of epidiolex (cannabidiol) in patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer","volume":"15","author":"Myint","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgs328","article-title":"Triggering of the TRPV2 channel by cannabidiol sensitizes glioblastoma cells to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents","volume":"34","author":"Nabissi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15020497","article-title":"The effect of cannabis plant extracts on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and the quest for cannabis-based personalized therapy","volume":"15","author":"Nallathambi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B73","volume-title":"Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. the Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research","year":"2017"},{"key":"B74","volume-title":"Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ\u00ae)\u2013health Professional Version. PDQ Cancer Information Summaries","year":"2026"},{"key":"B75","unstructured":"NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN guidelines\u00ae): Antiemesis. Version 2.2026. Plymouth meeting, PA: national comprehensive cancer network\n          \n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190020972208","article-title":"Reduction in tamoxifen metabolites endoxifen and N-desmethyltamoxifen with chronic administration of low-dose cannabidiol: a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 drug interaction","volume":"35","author":"Parihar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2023-004953","article-title":"Medical cannabis and its effect on oncological outcomes in patients with ovarian cancer treated with PARP inhibitors","volume":"34","author":"Peleg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4488","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30879","article-title":"Cannabis use among patients at a comprehensive cancer center in a state with legalized medicinal and recreational use","volume":"123","author":"Pergam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707442","article-title":"The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin","volume":"153","author":"Pertwee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.003004","article-title":"International union of basic and clinical pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: beyond CB1 and CB2","volume":"62","author":"Pertwee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.417","article-title":"The putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 defines a novel autocrine loop in cancer-cell proliferation","volume":"30","author":"Pi\u00f1eiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1247","article-title":"The molecular logic of endocannabinoid signalling","volume":"4","author":"Piomelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0181","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, as novel targets for inhibition of non-small cell lung cancer growth and metastasis","volume":"4","author":"Preet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila)"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001089","article-title":"The potential for pharmacokinetic interactions between cannabis products and conventional medications","volume":"39","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-198184","article-title":"Cannabidiol inhibits lung cancer cell invasion and metastasis via intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1)","volume":"26","author":"Ramer","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-12-0335","article-title":"COX-2 and PPAR\u03b3 confer cannabidiol-induced apoptosis of human lung cancer cells","volume":"12","author":"Ramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.94942","article-title":"The role of cannabinoids in prostate cancer: basic science perspective and potential clinical applications","volume":"28","author":"Ramos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Urol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-013-1277-1","article-title":"Systematic review of the literature on clinical and experimental trials on the antitumor effects of cannabinoids in gliomas","volume":"116","author":"Rocha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-57369-0_1","article-title":"Constituents of Cannabis Sativa","volume":"1264","author":"Rock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12120","article-title":"The cannabinoid TRPA1 agonist cannabichromene inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth through apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production","volume":"169","author":"Romano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200790144","article-title":"History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, and sobriquet","volume":"4","author":"Russo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/pancan.2018.0019","article-title":"Potential use of cannabinoids for the treatment of pancreatic cancer","volume":"5","author":"Sharafi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pancreat. Cancer"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-024-01589-4","article-title":"The role of cannabinoids in advancing cancer treatment: insights from evidence-based medicine","volume":"26","author":"Sk\u00f3rzewska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009464","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009464.pub2","article-title":"Cannabinoids for nausea and vomiting in adults with cancer receiving chemotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3504","article-title":"A phase I trial of the pharmacokinetic interaction between cannabidiol and tacrolimus","volume":"117","author":"So","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.05.1847","article-title":"Comparison of orally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in treating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome: a multicenter, phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Strasser","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0383","article-title":"Cannabis impacts tumor response rate to nivolumab in patients with advanced malignancies","volume":"24","author":"Taha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B98","volume-title":"Sativex Oromucosal Spray: Summary of Product Characteristics","author":"Therapeutics Limited","year":"2026"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071985","article-title":"Anti-cancer potential of cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids present in cannabis","volume":"12","author":"Tomko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01259-3","article-title":"A phase 1b randomized, placebo-controlled trial of nabiximols cannabinoid oromucosal spray with temozolomide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"124","author":"Twelves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B101","volume-title":"Marinol (Dronabinol) Capsules, CIII: Prescribing Information","year":"2017"},{"key":"B102","volume-title":"Cesamet (Nabilone) Capsules, CII: Prescribing Information","year":"2006"},{"key":"B103","volume-title":"Syndros (Dronabinol) Oral Solution, CII: Prescribing Information","year":""},{"key":"B104","volume-title":"Epidiolex (Cannabidiol) Oral Solution: Prescribing Information","year":""},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e618","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.141","article-title":"Involvement of PPAR\u03b3 in the antitumoral action of cannabinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"4","author":"Vara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3247","article-title":"Towards the use of cannabinoids as antitumour agents","volume":"12","author":"Velasco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.3747\/co.23.3080","article-title":"Anticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids","volume":"23","author":"Velasco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.11.022","article-title":"The use of medical cannabis concomitantly with immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: a sigh of relief?","volume":"180","author":"Waissengrin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6468","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-0896","article-title":"Loss of cannabinoid receptor 1 accelerates intestinal tumor growth","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6358","article-title":"Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"313","author":"Whiting","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200217666151210142051","article-title":"Cannabinoids and cytochrome P450 interactions","volume":"17","author":"Zendulka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030833","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system: signaling and function in the central nervous system","volume":"19","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1969657\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:51:24Z","timestamp":1790661084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1969657\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":112,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1969657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1969657","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"article-number":"1969657"}}