{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:36:10Z","timestamp":1780461370147,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]],"date-time":"2014-11-03T14:50:18Z","timestamp":1415026218000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Remodeling of cardiac passive electrical properties and susceptibility to ventricular and atrial arrhythmias"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Dhein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Salameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Jozwiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kostelka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Hindricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedrich-Wilhelm","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.41.1.9","article-title":"Circus movement in rabbit atrial muscle as a mechanism of tachycardia. III. The \u00e2\u20ac\u0153leading circle\u00e2\u20ac\u009d concept: a new model of circus movement in cardiac tissue without the involvement of an anatomical obstacle","volume":"41","author":"Allessie","year":"1977","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000058461.86339.7E","article-title":"Arrhythmogenic substrate of the pulmonary veins assessed by high-resolution optical mapping","volume":"107","author":"Arora","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"130","key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00130","article-title":"Managing the complexity of communication: regulation of gap junctions by post-translational modification","volume":"4","author":"Axelsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H790","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00498.2011","article-title":"Myofibroblasts cause heterogeneous Cx43 reduction and are unlikely to be coupled to myocytes in the healing canine infarct","volume":"302","author":"Baum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.73.2.379","article-title":"Alterations of K+ currents in isolated human ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure","volume":"73","author":"Beuckelmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"31","article-title":"Molecular structure and patterns of expression of cardiac gap junction proteins","volume-title":"Cardiac Electrophysiology From cell to Bedside","author":"Beyer","year":"1995","edition":"2nd Edn."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-005-0571-2","article-title":"ACE-inhibitor treatment attenuates atrial structural remodeling in patients with lone chronic atrial fibrillation","volume":"101","author":"Boldt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.015347","article-title":"Fibrosis in left atrial tissue of patients with atrial fibrillation with and without underlying mitral valve disease","volume":"90","author":"Boldt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.07.014","article-title":"Expression of angiotensin II receptors in human left and right atrial tissue in atrial fibrillation with and without underlying mitral valve disease","volume":"42","author":"Boldt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.09.017","article-title":"Cardiac Purkinje cells","volume":"7","author":"Boyden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000092569","article-title":"Connexins in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes","volume":"42","author":"Boyett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Cardiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2004.01.008","article-title":"Gap junction channel gating","volume":"1662","author":"Bukauskas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1063\/1.166292","article-title":"Electrical turbulence as a result of the critical curvature for propagation in cardiac tissue","volume":"8","author":"Cabo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2006.07.005","article-title":"Heterogeneous gap junction remodeling in reentrant circuits in the epicardial border zone of the healing canine infarct","volume":"72","author":"Cabo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000122382.19400.14","article-title":"Fibroblast network in rabbit sinoatrial node: structural and functional identification of homogeneous and heterogeneous cell coupling","volume":"94","author":"Camelliti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.61.4.498","article-title":"Synchronous occurrence of spontaneous localized calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum generates action potentials in rat cardiac ventricular myocytes at normal resting membrane potential","volume":"61","author":"Capogrossi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(83)84306-9","article-title":"Large divalent cations and electrostatic potentials adjacent to membranes. A theoretical calculation","volume":"44","author":"Carnie","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biophys. J"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.64.3.501","article-title":"Cardiac gap junctions and gap junction-associated vesicles: ultrastructural comparison of in situ negative staining with conventional positive staining","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1976.sp011283","article-title":"Directional differences of impulse spread in trabecular muscle from mammalian heart","volume":"255","author":"Clerc","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-008-0157-3","article-title":"Ephaptic coupling of cardiac cells through the junctional electric potential","volume":"57","author":"Copene","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Math. Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.3.915","article-title":"Slow conduction in the infarcted human heart. \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcZigzag\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 course of activation","volume":"88","author":"de Bakker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00612-5","article-title":"Fractionated electrograms in dilated cardiomyopathy: origin and relation to abnormal conduction","volume":"27","author":"de Bakker","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.77.3.589","article-title":"Reentry as a cause of ventricular tachycardia in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease: electrophysiologic and anatomic correlation","volume":"77","author":"de Bakker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00367.x","article-title":"Continuous and discontinuous propagation in heart muscle","volume":"17","author":"de Bakker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.60.5.780","article-title":"Effects of increasing intercellular resistance on transverse and longitudinal propagation in sheep epicardial muscle","volume":"60","author":"Delmar","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(98)01192-4","article-title":"Gap junction channels in the cardiovascular system: pharmacological and physiological modulation","volume":"19","author":"Dhein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.01.019","article-title":"Pharmacology of gap junctions in the cardiovascular system","volume":"62","author":"Dhein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-014-0988-y","article-title":"Arrhythmogenic effects by local left ventricular stretch: effects of flecainide and streptomycin","volume":"387","author":"Dhein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs. Arch. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s002100100462","article-title":"Aspects of the intercellular communication in aged hearts: effects of the gap junction uncoupler palmitoleic acid","volume":"364","author":"Dhein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs. Arch. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00241093","article-title":"A new synthetic antiarrhythmic peptide reduces dispersion of epicardial activation recovery interval and diminishes alterations of epicardial activation patterns induced by regional ischemia. A mapping study","volume":"350","author":"Dhein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01460.x","article-title":"Effects of metoprolol therapy on cardiac gap junction remodelling and conduction in human chronic atrial fibrillation","volume":"164","author":"Dhein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.6.842","article-title":"The gap-junctional protein connexin40 is elevated in patients susceptible to postoperative atrial fibrillation","volume":"103","author":"Dupont","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1987.tb05974.x","article-title":"Reentrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period: 14. Mechanisms of resetting, entrainment, acceleration, or termination of reentrant tachycardia by programmed electrical stimulation","volume":"10","author":"el-Sherif","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.73.5.914","article-title":"Microscopic conduction in cultured strands of neonatal rat heart cells measured with voltage-sensitive dyes","volume":"73","author":"Fast","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(96)00216-7","article-title":"Role of wavefront curvature in propagation of cardiac impulse","volume":"33","author":"Fast","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000089258.40661.0C","article-title":"Coupling of cardiac electrical activity over extended distances by fibroblasts of cardiac origin","volume":"93","author":"Gaudesius","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02363286","article-title":"A bidomain model for anisotropic cardiac muscle","volume":"11","author":"Geselowitz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(69)90029-9","article-title":"Synchronized beating of embryonic mouse myocardial cells mediated by FL cells in monolayer culture","volume":"56","author":"Goshima","year":"1969","journal-title":"Exp. Cell. Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.79.5.474","article-title":"Enhanced dispersion of epicardial activation-recovery intervals at sites of histological inhomogeneity during regional cardiac ischaemia and reperfusion","volume":"79","author":"Gottwald","year":"1998","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(97)00183-6","article-title":"Age-related electrophysiological and histological changes in rabbit hearts: age-related changes in electrophysiology","volume":"62","author":"Gottwald","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol"},{"key":"B41","first-page":"75","article-title":"Cardiac gap junctions in rat ventricle: localization using site-directed antibodies and laser scanning confocal microscopy","volume":"1","author":"Gourdie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cardioscience"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.45.3.248","article-title":"Left ventricular fibre architecture in man","volume":"45","author":"Greenbaum","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br. Heart J"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp028","article-title":"Human cardiac gap-junction coupling: effects of antiarrhythmic peptide AAP10","volume":"83","author":"Hagen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-009-9421-y","article-title":"Deriving macroscopic myocardial conductivities by homogenization of microscopic models","volume":"71","author":"Hand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033583501003705","article-title":"Emerging issues of connexin channels: biophysics fills the gap","volume":"34","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biophys"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/01.fjc.0000200990.31611.6e","article-title":"Treatment with the gap junction modifier rotigaptide (ZP123) reduces infarct size in rats with chronic myocardial infarction","volume":"47","author":"Haugan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvr189","article-title":"Long-distance intercellular connectivity between cardiomyocytes and cardiofibroblasts mediated by membrane nanotubes","volume":"92","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000016062.80020.11","article-title":"Electrical conduction in canine pulmonary veins: electrophysiological and anatomic correlation","volume":"105","author":"Hocini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1946.0024","article-title":"The electrical constants of a crustacean nerve fibre","volume":"134","author":"Hodgkin","year":"1946","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vi20","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eum203","article-title":"Effect of gap junction distribution on impulse propagation in a monolayer of myocytes: a model study","volume":"9","author":"Hubbard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"B51","volume-title":"Electric Current Flow in Excitable Cells","author":"Jack","year":"1975"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1109\/10.966596","article-title":"The importance of anisotropy in modeling ST segment shift in subendocardial ischaemia","volume":"48","author":"Johnston","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(86)83559-7","article-title":"Propagation through electrically coupled cells. How a small SA node drives a large atrium","volume":"50","author":"Joyner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biophys. J"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-008-0317-4","article-title":"Local effects and mechanisms of antiarrhythmic peptide AAP10 in acute regional myocardial ischemia: electrophysiological and molecular findings","volume":"378","author":"Jozwiak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs. Arch. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.05.009","article-title":"Reduced diameter spheres increases the risk of chest blow-induced ventricular fibrillation (commotio cordis)","volume":"8","author":"Kalin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1161\/hc5001.100833","article-title":"Activation delay after premature stimulation in chronically diseased human myocardium relates to the architecture of interstitial fibrosis","volume":"104","author":"Kawara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.70.6.1074","article-title":"Delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity induced in feline Purkinje fibers by alpha-adrenergic stimulation in the presence of elevated calcium levels","volume":"70","author":"Kimura","year":"1984","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00025.2003","article-title":"Basic mechanisms of cardiac impulse propagation and associated arrhythmias","volume":"84","author":"Kl\u00c3\u00a9ber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2013.12.024","article-title":"Fibroblast-myocyte electrotonic coupling: does it occur in native cardiac tissue?","volume":"70","author":"Kohl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2003.12.010","article-title":"Connexin 43 expression and distribution in compensated and decompensated cardiac hypertrophy in patients with aortic stenosis","volume":"62","author":"Kostin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(02)00273-0","article-title":"Structural correlate of atrial fibrillation in human patients","volume":"54","author":"Kostin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021154115673","article-title":"Gap junction remodeling and altered connexin43 expression in the failing human heart","volume":"242","author":"Kostin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0902.104711","article-title":"Electrophysiological mechanism of enhanced susceptibility of hypertrophied heart to acquired torsade de pointes arrhythmias: tridimensional mapping of activation and recovery patterns","volume":"105","author":"Kozhevnikov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000046237.54156.0A","article-title":"Localization of sodium channels in intercalated disks modulates cardiac conduction","volume":"91","author":"Kucera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B65","first-page":"II1","article-title":"Electrophysiological mechanisms for ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"11","author":"Lazzara","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1976.sp011622","article-title":"Transient inward current underlying arrhythmogenic effects of cardiotonic steroids in Purkinje fibres","volume":"263","author":"Lederer","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000092564","article-title":"Micropatterns of propagation","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Cardiol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20935","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010154107","article-title":"Modeling electrical activity of myocardial cells incorporating the effects of ephaptic coupling","volume":"107","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000121421.61896.24","article-title":"Distinct subcellular localization of different sodium channel alpha and beta subunits in single ventricular myocytes from mouse heart","volume":"109","author":"Maier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.74.2.629","article-title":"Gap junction structures. II. Analysis of the x-ray diffraction data","volume":"74","author":"Makowski","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112701","article-title":"Mechanisms of arrhythmogenic delayed and early afterdepolarizations in ferret ventricular muscle","volume":"78","author":"Marban","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1997.tb00850.x","article-title":"Abnormal action potential conduction in isolated human hypertrophied left ventricular myocardium","volume":"8","author":"McIntyre","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H214","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00441.2003","article-title":"Protective role of gap junctions in preconditioning against myocardial infarction","volume":"286","author":"Miura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.03.003","article-title":"Biophysical properties of homomeric and heteromultimeric channels formed by cardiac connexins","volume":"62","author":"Moreno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801089105","article-title":"Ephaptic conduction in a cardiac strand model with 3D electrodiffusion","volume":"105","author":"Mori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4126","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500881102","article-title":"Reduced intercellular coupling leads to paradoxical propagation across the Purkinje-ventricular junction and aberrant myocardial activation","volume":"102","author":"Morley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00788526","article-title":"Sodium channel blockade enhances dispersion of the cardiac action potential duration. A computer simulation study","volume":"88","author":"M\u00c3\u00bcller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(97)89679-3","article-title":"Increase in gap junction conductance by an antiarrhythmic peptide","volume":"327","author":"M\u00c3\u00bcller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.262345","article-title":"Local \u00ce\u00b2-adrenergic stimulation overcomes source-sink mismatch to generate focal arrhythmia","volume":"110","author":"Myles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c110051","article-title":"Gap junctions","volume":"2","author":"Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.43.030181.002243","article-title":"Permeable junctions between cardiac cells","volume":"43","author":"Page","year":"1981","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.09.001","article-title":"Extracellular matrix remodeling in atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and implications in atrial fibrillation","volume":"48","author":"Pellman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(97)78693-4","article-title":"Three-dimensional structure of the gap junction connexon","volume":"72(2 Pt 1)","author":"Perkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biophys. J"},{"key":"B84","first-page":"273","article-title":"Scale of geometric structures responsible for discontinuous propagation in myocardial tissue","volume-title":"Discontinuous Conduction in the Heart","author":"Pertsov","year":"1997"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.72.3.631","article-title":"Spiral waves of excitation underlie reentrant activity in isolated cardiac muscle","volume":"72","author":"Pertsov","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02460876","article-title":"Electric potential in three-dimensional electrically syncytial tissues","volume":"41","author":"Peskoff","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01443-7","article-title":"Effects of chronic atrial fibrillation on gap junction distribution in human and rat atria","volume":"38","author":"Polontchouk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-012-9465-z","article-title":"Cx43 associates with Na(v)1.5 in the cardiomyocyte perinexus","volume":"245","author":"Rhett","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2012.12.005","article-title":"The perinexus: sign-post on the path to a new model of cardiac conduction?","volume":"23","author":"Rhett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.44.5.701","article-title":"Influence of cardiac fiber orientation on wavefront voltage, conduction velocity, and tissue resistivity in the dog","volume":"44","author":"Roberts","year":"1979","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.50.3.342","article-title":"Effect of tissue anisotropy on extracellular potential fields in canine myocardium in situ","volume":"50","author":"Roberts","year":"1982","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.108.137349","article-title":"Effect of nonuniform interstitial space properties on impulse propagation: a discrete multidomain model","volume":"95","author":"Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biophys. J"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2003.11.035","article-title":"Role of gap junctions in the propagation of the cardiac action potential","volume":"62","author":"Rohr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.110.957647","article-title":"Arrhythmogenic implications of fibroblast-myocyte interactions","volume":"5","author":"Rohr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5301.841","article-title":"Paradoxical improvement of impulse conduction in cardiac tissue by partial cellular uncoupling","volume":"275","author":"Rohr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-009-9667-4","article-title":"A model of electrical conduction in cardiac tissue including fibroblasts","volume":"37","author":"Sachse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2005.09.007","article-title":"Pharmacology of gap junctions. New pharmacological targets for treatment of arrhythmia, seizure and cancer?","volume":"1719","author":"Salameh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00344.x","article-title":"The signal transduction cascade regulating the expression of the gap junction protein connexin43 by beta-adrenoceptors","volume":"158","author":"Salameh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/15419060802014404","article-title":"Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes show characteristics of nonhomotypic gap junction channels","volume":"15","author":"Schulte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Adhes"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2013.2240693","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of cardiac tissue including fibroblasts using three-dimensional confocal microscopy and image reconstruction: towards a basis for electrophysiological modeling","volume":"32","author":"Schwab","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.09.010","article-title":"A simulation study of cellular hypertrophy and connexin lateralization in cardiac tissue","volume":"99","author":"Seidel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biophys. J"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.203828","article-title":"Structural heterogeneity in the ventricular wall plays a significant role in the initiation of stretch-induced arrhythmias in perfused rabbit right ventricular tissues and whole heart preparations","volume":"106","author":"Seo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1994.tb01185.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of gap junctions in heart disease","volume":"5","author":"Severs","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1159\/000092572","article-title":"Alterations in cardiac connexin expression in cardiomyopathies","volume":"42","author":"Severs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Cardiol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.80.1.124","article-title":"Electrophysiologic effects of acute myocardial ischemia. A mechanistic investigation of action potential conduction and conduction failure","volume":"80","author":"Shaw","year":"1997a","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.81.5.727","article-title":"Ionic mechanisms of propagation in cardiac tissue. Roles of the sodium and L-type calcium currents during reduced excitability and decreased gap junction coupling","volume":"81","author":"Shaw","year":"1997b","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B107","first-page":"517","article-title":"Discontinuous anisotropic propagation","volume-title":"Cardiac Electrophysiology: A textbook","author":"Spach","year":"1990"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.58.3.356","article-title":"Relating extracellular potentials and their derivatives to anisotropic propagation at a microscopic level in human cardiac muscle. Evidence for electrical uncoupling of side-to-side fiber connections with increasing age","volume":"58","author":"Spach","year":"1986","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.86.3.302","article-title":"Electrophysiological effects of remodeling cardiac gap junctions and cell size: experimental and model studies of normal cardiac growth","volume":"86","author":"Spach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.50.2.175","article-title":"The functional role of structural complexities in the propagation of depolarization in the atrium of the dog. Cardiac conduction disturbances due to discontinuities of effective axial resistivity","volume":"50","author":"Spach","year":"1982","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.59.2.247","article-title":"Cellular electrophysiology of human myocardial infarction. 1. Abnormalities of cellular activation","volume":"59","author":"Spear","year":"1979","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.41.030179.002301","article-title":"Propagation mechanisms in heart","volume":"41","author":"Sperelakis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(77)90114-X","article-title":"Evaluation of electric field changes in the cleft between excitable cells","volume":"64","author":"Sperelakis","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-7257-7","article-title":"On the passive cardiac conductivity","volume":"33","author":"Stinstra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-003-0437-8","article-title":"The long QT interval is not only inherited but is also linked to cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"81","author":"Swynghedauw","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(99)00017-6","article-title":"Electrophysiological remodeling in hypertrophy and heart failure","volume":"42","author":"Tomaselli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2050064","article-title":"Effect of cell geometry on conduction velocity in a subcellular model of myocardium","volume":"57","author":"Toure","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2012.07.005","article-title":"Slow Calcium-Depolarization-Calcium waves may initiate fast local depolarization waves in ventricular tissue","volume":"110","author":"Tveito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H619","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00760.2013","article-title":"Mechanisms of cardiac conduction: a history of revisions","volume":"306","author":"Veeraraghavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H278","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00868.2011","article-title":"Interstitial volume modulates the conduction velocity-gap junction relationship","volume":"302","author":"Veeraraghavan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.112.975144","article-title":"Loss of continuity in the thin epicardial layer because of endomysial fibrosis increases the complexity of atrial fibrillatory conduction","volume":"6","author":"Verheule","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2012.158","article-title":"Myofibroblast-mediated mechanisms of pathological remodelling of the heart","volume":"10","author":"Weber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004799","article-title":"The electrical constants of Purkinje fibres","volume":"118","author":"Weidmann","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Lond)"},{"key":"B124","first-page":"29","article-title":"Passive properties of cardiac fibers. A textbook","volume-title":"Cardiac Electrophysiology","author":"Weidmann","year":"1990"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.63.1.72","article-title":"Action potential transfer in cell pairs isolated from adult rat and guinea pig ventricles","volume":"63","author":"Weingart","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.06.042","article-title":"So little source, so much sink: requirements for afterdepolarizations to propagate in tissue","volume":"99","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biophys. J"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2003.02329.x","article-title":"ZP123 increases gap junctional conductance and prevents reentrant ventricular tachycardia during myocardial ischemia in open chest dogs","volume":"14","author":"Xing","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq329","article-title":"Molecular determinants of cardiac fibroblast electrical function and therapeutic implications for atrial fibrillation","volume":"89","author":"Yue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T03:29:15Z","timestamp":1650511755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fphys.2014.00424\/abstract"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]]},"references-count":128,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2014.00424","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]]}}}