{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:00:46Z","timestamp":1791874846205,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,2]],"date-time":"2016-02-02T06:42:42Z","timestamp":1454395362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":176,"title":["The Role of NADPH Oxidases (NOXs) in Liver Fibrosis and the Activation of Myofibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Kisseleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20719","article-title":"NAD(P)H oxidase plays a crucial role in PDGF-induced proliferation of hepatic stellate cells","volume":"41","author":"Adachi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867321666131227161303","article-title":"Oxidative stress mediated mitochondrial and vascular lesions as markers in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease","volume":"21","author":"Aliev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45935","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M406486200","article-title":"Direct interaction of the novel Nox proteins with p22phox is required for the formation of a functionally active NADPH oxidase","volume":"279","author":"Ambasta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192543","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/192543","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling and liver fibrosis","volume":"2010","author":"Aoyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25938","article-title":"Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in experimental liver fibrosis: GKT137831 as a novel potential therapeutic agent","volume":"56","author":"Aoyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22708","article-title":"Deficiency of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form oxidase enhances hepatocellular injury but attenuates fibrosis after chronic carbon tetrachloride administration","volume":"49","author":"Aram","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-011-0276-3","article-title":"Regulation of reactive oxygen species generation in cell signaling","volume":"32","author":"Bae","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C200613200","article-title":"Two novel proteins activate superoxide generation by the NADPH oxidase NOX1","volume":"278","author":"B\u00e1nfi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24282","article-title":"Liver fibrosis","volume":"115","author":"Bataller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18212","article-title":"NADPH oxidase signal transduces angiotensin II in hepatic stellate cells and is critical in hepatic fibrosis","volume":"112","author":"Bataller","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.009","article-title":"Hepatocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced oxidase 4 regulates stress signaling, fibrosis, and insulin sensitivity during development of steatohepatitis in mice","volume":"149","author":"Bettaieb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009020146","article-title":"NAD(P)H oxidase mediates TGF-beta1-induced activation of kidney myofibroblasts","volume":"21","author":"Bondi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.016","article-title":"Nox4 involvement in TGF-beta and SMAD3-driven induction of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration of breast epithelial cells","volume":"53","author":"Boudreau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-5-S1-S17","article-title":"Origin of myofibroblasts in liver fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Brenner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fibrog. Tiss. Repair"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7595","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-1482","article-title":"Overactivation of the MEK\/ERK pathway in liver tumor cells confers resistance to TGF-{beta}-induced cell death through impairing up-regulation of the NADPH oxidase NOX4","volume":"69","author":"Caja","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20568","article-title":"EGF blocks NADPH oxidase activation by TGF-beta in fetal rat hepatocytes, impairing oxidative stress, and cell death","volume":"207","author":"Carmona-Cuenca","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.07.021","article-title":"Upregulation of the NADPH oxidase NOX4 by TGF-beta in hepatocytes is required for its pro-apoptotic activity","volume":"49","author":"Carmona-Cuenca","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10434","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.078766","article-title":"The fibroblast integrin alpha11beta1 is induced in a mechanosensitive manner involving activin A and regulates myofibroblast differentiation","volume":"285","author":"Carracedo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.07.027","article-title":"The AP-1 site is essential for the promoter activity of NOX1\/NADPH oxidase, a vascular superoxide-producing enzyme: possible involvement of the ERK1\/2-JunB pathway","volume":"374","author":"Cevik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.11.138","article-title":"Nox4 modulates collagen production stimulated by transforming growth factor beta1 in vivo and in vitro","volume":"430","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305968200","article-title":"NOXO1, regulation of lipid binding, localization, and activation of Nox1 by the Phox homology (PX) domain","volume":"279","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070623","article-title":"Endosialin (Tem1) is a marker of tumor-associated myofibroblasts and tumor vessel-associated mural cells","volume":"172","author":"Christian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2004.03.008","article-title":"The NADPH oxidase of professional phagocytes\u2013prototype of the NOX electron transport chain systems","volume":"1657","author":"Cross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000187457.24338.3D","article-title":"NAD(P)H oxidase 4 mediates transforming growth factor-beta1-induced differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts","volume":"97","author":"Cucoranu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24465","article-title":"NOX1\/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH) oxidase promotes proliferation of stellate cells and aggravates liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation","volume":"54","author":"Cui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5602","article-title":"Roles of DUOX-mediated hydrogen peroxide in metabolism, host defense, and signaling","volume":"20","author":"De Deken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23804","article-title":"Role and cellular source of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in hepatic fibrosis","volume":"52","author":"De Minicis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.12.033","article-title":"Superoxide anion radicals activate hepatic stellate cells after entry through chloride channels: a new target in liver fibrosis","volume":"724","author":"den Hartog","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1097\/01.LAB.0000101911.53973.90","article-title":"Normal and pathologic soft tissue remodeling: role of the myofibroblast, with special emphasis on liver and kidney fibrosis","volume":"83","author":"Desmouli\u00e8re","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"794","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in human health: current status and future prospects","volume":"52","author":"Devasagayam","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Phys. India"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/85259","article-title":"Molecular basis for Rac2 regulation of phagocyte NADPH oxidase","volume":"2","author":"Diebold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13957","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.22.13957","article-title":"PU.1, interferon regulatory factor 1, and interferon consensus sequence-binding protein cooperate to increase gp91(phox) expression","volume":"273","author":"Eklund","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20050287","article-title":"PKCdelta mediates up-regulation of NOX1, a catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase, via transactivation of the EGF receptor: possible involvement of PKCdelta in vascular hypertrophy","volume":"390","author":"Fan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.4.2247","article-title":"Molecular regulation of hepatic fibrosis, an integrated cellular response to tissue injury","volume":"275","author":"Friedman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00013.2007","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells: protean, multifunctional, and enigmatic cells of the liver","volume":"88","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.80.1.45","article-title":"p22phox mRNA expression and NADPH oxidase activity are increased in aortas from hypertensive rats","volume":"80","author":"Fukui","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8010","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.130135897","article-title":"Identification of renox, an NAD(P)H oxidase in kidney","volume":"97","author":"Geiszt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3901","article-title":"Snail1-induced partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition drives renal fibrosis in mice and can be targeted to reverse established disease","volume":"21","author":"Grande","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d793","DOI":"10.2741\/gressner","article-title":"Roles of TGF-beta in hepatic fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Gressner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20041835","article-title":"Activation and assembly of the NADPH oxidase: a structural perspective","volume":"386","author":"Groemping","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.081170","article-title":"Emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis","volume":"175","author":"Hardie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2005","article-title":"NADPH oxidase-4 mediates myofibroblast activation and fibrogenic responses to lung injury","volume":"15","author":"Hecker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.27447","article-title":"Activation of caspases occurs downstream from radical oxygen species production, Bcl-xL down-regulation, and early cytochrome C release in apoptosis induced by transforming growth factor beta in rat fetal hepatocytes","volume":"34","author":"Herrera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.07.006","article-title":"Negligible contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to collagen production during hepatic fibrogenesis in mice","volume":"137","author":"Higashiyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000112024.13727.2c","article-title":"Distinct subcellular localizations of Nox1 and Nox4 in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"24","author":"Hilenski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.09.020","article-title":"The myofibroblast: paradigm for a mechanically active cell","volume":"43","author":"Hinz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.02.004","article-title":"Recent developments in myofibroblast biology: paradigms for connective tissue remodeling","volume":"180","author":"Hinz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1159\/000105499","article-title":"Ethanol augments PDGF-induced NADPH oxidase activity and proliferation in rat pancreatic stellate cells","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090517","article-title":"Fate tracing reveals the pericyte and not epithelial origin of myofibroblasts in kidney fibrosis","volume":"176","author":"Humphreys","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06592.x","article-title":"Reactive oxygen and mechanisms of inflammatory liver injury: present concepts","volume":"26","author":"Jaeschke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121939","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121939","article-title":"Pyrroloquinoline-quinone suppresses liver fibrogenesis in mice","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.007","article-title":"Liver fibrosis and hepatocyte apoptosis are attenuated by GKT137831, a novel NOX4\/NOX1 inhibitor in vivo","volume":"53","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742931","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/742931","article-title":"NADPH oxidases in chronic liver Diseases","volume":"2014","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Hepatol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.05.074","article-title":"Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 plays a key role in stellate cell activation and liver fibrogenesis in vivo","volume":"139","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20041180","article-title":"Essential role of ATF-1 in induction of NOX1, a catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase: involvement of mitochondrial respiratory chain","volume":"386","author":"Katsuyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.73.10.3719","article-title":"Vitamin A-containing lipocytes and formation of type III collagen in liver injury","volume":"73","author":"Kent","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/01.LAB.0000054178.01162.E4","article-title":"The myofibroblastic conversion of peribiliary fibrogenic cells distinct from hepatic stellate cells is stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor during liver fibrogenesis","volume":"83","author":"Kinnman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25051","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.35.25051","article-title":"Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs of p67(phox) participate in interaction with the small GTPase Rac and activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase","volume":"274","author":"Koga","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000020689.12472.E0","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta function blocking prevents myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in pressure-overloaded rats","volume":"106","author":"Kuwahara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7715","DOI":"10.1021\/jm100773e","article-title":"First in class, potent, and orally bioavailable NADPH oxidase isoform 4 (Nox4) inhibitors for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"53","author":"Laleu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0129743","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129743","article-title":"Deficiency of NOX1 or NOX4 prevents liver inflammation and fibrosis in mice through inhibition of hepatic stellate cell activation","volume":"10","author":"Lan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1161\/hh0901.090299","article-title":"Novel gp91(phox) homologues in vascular smooth muscle cells: nox1 mediates angiotensin II-induced superoxide formation and redox-sensitive signaling pathways","volume":"88","author":"Lass\u00e8gue","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000093743.03049.80","article-title":"II. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study of polyenylphosphatidylcholine in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"27","author":"Lieber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20092","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a randomized trial","volume":"39","author":"Lindor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3902","article-title":"Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induces cell cycle arrest and parenchymal damage in renal fibrosis","volume":"21","author":"Lovisa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.193722","article-title":"Poldip2, a novel regulator of Nox4 and cytoskeletal integrity in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"105","author":"Lyle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1857","article-title":"TLR activation of the transcription factor XBP1 regulates innate immune responses in macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Martinon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2005.03.023","article-title":"Functional analysis of Nox4 reveals unique characteristics compared to other NADPH oxidases","volume":"18","author":"Martyn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.069633","article-title":"Dose dependent and divergent effects of superoxide anion on cell death, proliferation, and migration of activated human hepatic stellate cells","volume":"55","author":"Novo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5408","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.12.5408","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis in cultured hepatocytes and in regressing liver by transforming growth factor beta 1","volume":"89","author":"Oberhammer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465897","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/465897","article-title":"Induction of oxidative stress in kidney","volume":"2012","author":"Ozbek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24281","article-title":"The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) homologues NOX1 and NOX2\/gp91(phox) mediate hepatic fibrosis in mice","volume":"53","author":"Paik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5619","article-title":"Role of NADPH oxidases in liver fibrosis","volume":"20","author":"Paik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700422","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells primed with cytokines upregulate inflammation in response to peptidoglycan or lipoteichoic acid","volume":"86","author":"Paik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2006.09.012","article-title":"Role of NADPH oxidase 4 in lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory responses by human aortic endothelial cells","volume":"72","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.3589","article-title":"Cutting edge: direct interaction of TLR4 with NAD(P)H oxidase 4 isozyme is essential for lipopolysaccharide-induced production of reactive oxygen species and activation of NF-kappa B","volume":"173","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114363","article-title":"Effects of platelet-derived growth factor and other polypeptide mitogens on DNA synthesis and growth of cultured rat liver fat-storing cells","volume":"84","author":"Pinzani","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-5926-6-1","article-title":"TGF-beta dependent regulation of oxygen radicals during transdifferentiation of activated hepatic stellate cells to myofibroblastoid cells","volume":"6","author":"Proell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Hepatol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209852","article-title":"Upregulation of two BH3-only proteins, Bmf and Bim, during TGF beta-induced apoptosis","volume":"26","author":"Ramjaun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1202-1129","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide as second messenger in lymphocyte activation","volume":"3","author":"Reth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-013-9698-x","article-title":"Xanthine oxido-reductase, free radicals and cardiovascular disease. A critical review","volume":"20","author":"Robert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.01.036","article-title":"The bone marrow functionally contributes to liver fibrosis","volume":"130","author":"Russo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2010-0340","article-title":"ROS signaling by NOX4 drives fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation in the diseased prostatic stroma","volume":"25","author":"Sampson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4850","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712803341520","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress and molecular changes in liver fibrosis: a review","volume":"19","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Valle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45285","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045285","article-title":"NADPH oxidase NOX4 mediates stellate cell activation and hepatocyte cell death during liver fibrosis development","volume":"7","author":"Sancho","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907929","article-title":"Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"362","author":"Sanyal","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.05.005","article-title":"Genetic labeling does not detect epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of cholangiocytes in liver fibrosis in mice","volume":"139","author":"Scholten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI66028","article-title":"Evolving therapies for liver fibrosis","volume":"123","author":"Schuppan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22306","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and adaptor molecules in liver disease: update","volume":"48","author":"Seki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1663","article-title":"TLR4 enhances TGF-beta signaling and hepatic fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Seki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20061903","article-title":"NOX4 activity is determined by mRNA levels and reveals a unique pattern of ROS generation","volume":"406","author":"Serrander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.002","article-title":"Silybin exerts antioxidant effects and induces mitochondrial biogenesis in liver of rat with secondary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"73","author":"Serviddio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000033523.08033.16","article-title":"Angiotensin II stimulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity: upstream mediators","volume":"91","author":"Seshiah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.001","article-title":"Glutathione metabolism and Parkinson's disease","volume":"62","author":"Smeyne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L661","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00269.2005","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces Nox4 NAD(P)H oxidase and reactive oxygen species-dependent proliferation in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells","volume":"290","author":"Sturrock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/43459","article-title":"Cell transformation by the superoxide-generating oxidase Mox1","volume":"401","author":"Suh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.08.210","article-title":"Molecular composition and regulation of the Nox family NAD(P)H oxidases","volume":"338","author":"Sumimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9995","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009995","article-title":"Investigating the role of P311 in the hypertrophic scar","volume":"5","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23368","article-title":"Hepatocytes do not undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition in liver fibrosis in mice","volume":"51","author":"Taura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000020404.01971.2F","article-title":"Expression of a functionally active gp91phox-containing neutrophil-type NAD(P)H oxidase in smooth muscle cells from human resistance arteries: regulation by angiotensin II","volume":"90","author":"Touyz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60121-5","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis","volume":"383","author":"Tsochatzis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B102","first-page":"265","article-title":"Proliferation and phenotypic modulation of portal fibroblasts in the early stages of cholestatic fibrosis in the rat","volume":"74","author":"Tuchweber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.06.020","article-title":"Toll-like receptor activated human and murine hepatic stellate cells are potent regulators of hepatitis C virus replication","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1937-6448(10)82004-0","article-title":"New insights into the mechanism of fibroblast to myofibroblast transformation and associated pathologies","volume":"282","author":"Watsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4568","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"issue":"138","key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00138","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in liver fibrosis: cellular crosstalk and mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.28231","article-title":"Angiotensin-II type 1 receptor interaction is a major regulator for liver fibrosis development in rats","volume":"34","author":"Yoshiji","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21093","article-title":"Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by hepatic stellate cells induces NADPH oxidase and is associated with liver fibrosis in vivo","volume":"43","author":"Zhan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000175295.09607.18","article-title":"Caveolin-1 is essential for activation of Rac1 and NAD(P)H oxidase after angiotensin II type 1 receptor stimulation in vascular smooth muscle cells: role in redox signaling and vascular hypertrophy","volume":"25","author":"Zuo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,2]],"date-time":"2016-03-02T19:41:25Z","timestamp":1456947685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fphys.2016.00017\/abstract"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,2]]},"references-count":109,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2016.00017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,2]]}}}