{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:41:56Z","timestamp":1768804916031,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T05:36:59Z","timestamp":1589348219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Optical Biopsy of the Upper GI Tract Using Fluorescence Lifetime and Spectra"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zhaojun","family":"Nie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu-Chi Allison","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"LePalud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fares","family":"Badr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis W. C.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Jamal","family":"Deen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiyin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.05.028","article-title":"Endoscopic Raman spectroscopy enables objective diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus.","volume":"79","author":"Almond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40028.x","article-title":"Crystal violet chromoendoscopy with mucosal pit pattern diagnosis is useful for surveillance of short-segment Barrett\u2019s esophagus.","volume":"100","author":"Amano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B3","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Facts and Figures. 2019."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000217539.27432.5a","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography of laryngeal cancer.","volume":"116","author":"Armstrong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.6.065002","article-title":"Detection of precancerous lesions in the oral cavity using oblique polarized reflectance spectroscopy: a clinical feasibility study.","volume":"22","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.10.106014","article-title":"Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy as a tool for real-time tissue assessment during colorectal cancer surgery.","volume":"22","author":"Baltussen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1077718","article-title":"Confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy for in vivo determination of microvessel density in Barrett\u2019s esophagus.","volume":"40","author":"Becker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/153303461000900210","article-title":"Emerging roles for multimodal optical imaging in early cancer detection: a global challenge.","volume":"9","author":"Bedard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Technol. Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.11.002","article-title":"Fiberoptic confocal raman spectroscopy for real-time in vivo diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus.","volume":"146","author":"Bergholt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.3026","article-title":"Characterizing variability in in vivo Raman spectroscopic properties of different anatomical sites of normal tissue in the oral cavity.","volume":"43","author":"Bergholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2332-z","article-title":"Improved detection of incident dysplasia by probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy in a Barrett\u2019s esophagus surveillance program.","volume":"58","author":"Bertani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.17691\/stm2015.7.1.08","article-title":"Imaging of 3D tissue-engineered models of oral cancer using 890 and 1300 nm optical coherence tomography.","volume":"7","author":"Boadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sovrem. Tehnol. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/dote.12193","article-title":"Fluorescence spectroscopy incorporated in an Optical Biopsy System for the detection of early neoplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus.","volume":"28","author":"Boerwinkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5107(00)70449-4","article-title":"High-resolution imaging of the human esophagus and stomach in vivo using optical coherence tomography.","volume":"51","author":"Bouma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.10.053","article-title":"Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps.","volume":"138","author":"Buchner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3374049","article-title":"Intraoperative delineation of primary brain tumors using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.","volume":"15","author":"Butte","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2010.08.032","article-title":"Endomicroscopy of Barrett\u2019s Esophagus.","volume":"39","author":"Canto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.09.020","article-title":"In vivo endomicroscopy improves detection of Barrett\u2019s esophagus-related neoplasia: a multicenter international randomized controlled trial (with video).","volume":"79","author":"Canto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.001461","article-title":"Combination of structural and vascular optical coherence tomography for differentiating oral lesions of mice in different carcinogenesis stages.","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.000921","article-title":"Handheld multispectral fluorescence lifetime imaging system for in vivo applications.","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.07.005","article-title":"Imaging of subsquamous Barrett\u2019s epithelium with ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography: a histologic correlation study.","volume":"71","author":"Cobb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.000515","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy of tissue autofluorescence in normal and diseased colon measured ex vivo using a fiber-optic probe.","volume":"5","author":"Coda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.134213","article-title":"Endoscopic tri-modal imaging for detection of early neoplasia in Barrett\u2019s ooesophagus: a multicentre feasibility study using high-resolution endoscopy, autofluorescence imaging and narrow band imaging incorporated in one endoscopy system.","volume":"57","author":"Curvers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20122","article-title":"Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for oral oncology.","volume":"36","author":"De Veld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201200114","article-title":"Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in Barrett\u2019s Esophagus: developing a large field-of-view screening method discriminating dysplasia from metaplasia.","volume":"7","author":"Douplik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biophotonics, J."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.20.12.127003","article-title":"Experimental recovery of intrinsic fluorescence and fluorophore concentration in the presence of hemoglobin: spectral effect of scattering and absorption on fluorescence.","volume":"20","author":"Du Le","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.2.027002","article-title":"Dual-modality optical biopsy of glioblastomas multiforme with diffuse reflectance and fluorescence: ex vivo retrieval of optical properties.","volume":"22","author":"Du Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tgie.2010.02.010","article-title":"Confocal endomicroscopy.","volume":"12","author":"Dunbar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tech. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.02.009","article-title":"Confocal laser endomicroscopy in Barrett\u2019s esophagus and endoscopically inapparent Barrett\u2019s neoplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial.","volume":"70","author":"Dunbar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.8.081418","article-title":"Real-time Raman spectroscopy for, online gastric cancer diagnosis during clinical endoscopic examination in vivo Shiyamala.","volume":"17","author":"Duraipandian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2015.11.045","article-title":"Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for monitoring physiological and morphological changes in oral cancer.","volume":"127","author":"Einstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2013.01.009","article-title":"Ex vivo confocal imaging with contrast agents for the detection of oral potentially malignant lesions.","volume":"49","author":"El Hallani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-304269","article-title":"Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review.","volume":"63","author":"El-Serag","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2006.04.027","article-title":"Identifying intestinal metaplasia at the squamocolumnar junction by using optical coherence tomography.","volume":"65","author":"Evans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.4.001724","article-title":"Multimodal in vivo imaging of oral cancer using fluorescence lifetime, photoacoustic and ultrasound techniques.","volume":"4","author":"Fatakdawala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4789996","article-title":"Esophageal cancer detection based on tissue surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis.","volume":"102","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(11)60588-4","article-title":"Microscopic esophagitis and Barrett\u2019s esophagus: the histology report.","volume":"43","author":"Fiocca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-3975\/8\/1\/015007","article-title":"AFM stiffness nanotomography of normal, metaplastic and dysplastic human esophageal cells.","volume":"8","author":"Fuhrmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Biol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08577.x","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging distinguishes basal cell carcinoma from surrounding uninvolved skin.","volume":"159","author":"Galletly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.46.001896","article-title":"Liquid-crystal tunable filter spectral imaging for brain tumor demarcation.","volume":"46","author":"Gebhart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1150038","article-title":"Time-resolved spectrofluorometer for clinical tissue characterization during endoscopy.","volume":"70","author":"Glanzmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MP.0000062996.66432.12","article-title":"Barrett\u2019s esophagus and Barrett\u2019s-related dysplasia.","volume":"16","author":"Goldblum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23629","article-title":"Pilot study: Raman spectorscopy in differentiating premalignant and malignant oral lesions from normal mucosa and benign lesions in humans.","volume":"37","author":"Guze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2015.07.170","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in the assessment of oral squamous cell carcinoma resection margins.","volume":"13","author":"Hamdoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2012.07.005","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in the assessment of suspicious oral lesions: An immediate ex vivo study.","volume":"10","author":"Hamdoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"1","author":"Hsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"A Practical Guide to Support Vector Classification"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1957169","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography.","volume":"254","author":"Huang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14375","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.014375","article-title":"Forward-viewing resonant fiber-optic scanning endoscope of appropriate scanning speed for 3D OCT imaging.","volume":"18","author":"Huo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.3.000178","article-title":"Fluorescence-guided optical coherence tomography imaging for colon cancer screening: a preliminary mouse study.","volume":"3","author":"Iftimia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.4.046012","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging and reflectance confocal microscopy for multiscale imaging of oral precancer.","volume":"18","author":"Jabbour","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.05.005","article-title":"Optical biopsies by confocal endomicroscopy prevent additive endoscopic biopsies before endoscopic submucosal dissection in gastric epithelial neoplasias: a prospective, comparative study.","volume":"74","author":"Jeon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2009.04.019","article-title":"In vitro examination of suspicious oral lesions using optical coherence tomography.","volume":"48","author":"Jerjes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.4.2.024502","article-title":"Toward real-time quantification of fluorescence molecular probes using target\/background ratio for guiding biopsy and endoscopic therapy of esophageal neoplasia.","volume":"4","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2004.1403402","article-title":"Novel ultra-fast deconvolution method for fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy based on the Laguerre expansion technique.","volume":"26","author":"Jo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21057","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography allows for the reliable identification of laryngeal epithelial dysplasia and for precise biopsy: a clinicopathological study of 61 patients undergoing microlaryngoscopy.","volume":"120","author":"Just","year":"2010","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2016.02.002","article-title":"An in vitro diagnosis of oral premalignant lesion using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy under UV excitation-a pilot study.","volume":"14","author":"Kanniyappan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20623","article-title":"Multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy of 5-aminolevulinic acid induced fluorescence in experimental gliomas.","volume":"40","author":"Kantelhardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-016-2062-8","article-title":"In vivo multiphoton tomography and fluorescence lifetime imaging of human brain tumor tissue.","volume":"127","author":"Kantelhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-925385","article-title":"Autofluorescence imaging and narrow-band imaging for the detection of early neoplasia in patients with Barrett\u2019s esophagus.","volume":"38","author":"Kara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050.2007.00660.x","article-title":"Characterization of tissue autofluorescence in Barrett\u2019s esophagus by confocal fluorescence microscopy.","volume":"20","author":"Kara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.05.010","article-title":"In vivo histology of Barrett\u2019s esophagus and associated neoplasia by confocal laser endomicroscopy.","volume":"4","author":"Kiesslich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3130323","article-title":"Enhanced detection of early-stage oral cancer in vivo by optical coherence tomography using multimodal delivery of gold nanoparticles.","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2721","article-title":"A brain tumor molecular imaging strategy using a new triple-modality MRI-photoacoustic-Raman nanoparticle.","volume":"18","author":"Kircher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38190","article-title":"Real time optical Biopsy: time-resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy instrumentation and validation.","volume":"6","author":"Kittle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-013-3017-3","article-title":"Detection of metastatic lymph nodes using 5-aminolevulinic acid in patients with gastric cancer.","volume":"20","author":"Koizumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.001164","article-title":"Spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy endoscopic sensing with custom Si photodetectors.","volume":"9","author":"Lariviere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12090","article-title":"Influence of fluorescence on screening decisions for oral mucosal lesions in community dental practices.","volume":"43","author":"Laronde","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-9-42","article-title":"Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging of lipids in cancer metastasis.","volume":"9","author":"Le","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-012-0259-3","article-title":"Advanced endoscopic imaging for Barrett\u2019s Esophagus: current options and future directions.","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S769","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-111790","article-title":"Clinical study of ex vivo photoacoustic imaging in endoscopic mucosal resection tissues.","volume":"148","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3505012","article-title":"Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for in vivo pediatric brain tumor detection.","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/4\/843","article-title":"A novel method for fast and robust estimation of fluorescence decay dynamics using constrained least-squares deconvolution with Laguerre expansion.","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12627","article-title":"Objective detection of oral carcinoma with multispectral fluorescence lifetime imaging in vivo.","author":"Malik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1999.tb03352.x","article-title":"Photobleaching of arterial fluorescent compounds: characterization of elastin, collagen and cholesterol time-resolved spectra during prolonged ultraviolet irradiation.","volume":"69","author":"Marcu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-008-0704-8","article-title":"Microscopic esophagitis in gastro-esophageal reflux disease: individual lesions, biopsy sampling, and clinical correlations.","volume":"454","author":"Mastracci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.1.000627","article-title":"Wide-field fluorescence lifetime imaging of cancer.","volume":"1","author":"McGinty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E46","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1365524","article-title":"How commonly is upper gastrointestinal cancer missed at endoscopy? A meta-analysis.","volume":"2","author":"Menon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16413","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.016413","article-title":"Subcellular-resolution molecular imaging within living tissue by fiber microendoscopy.","volume":"15","author":"Muldoon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21735","article-title":"Noninvasive imaging of oral neoplasia with a high-resolution fiber-optic microendoscope.","volume":"33","author":"Muldoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3406386","article-title":"Anandasabapathy, and R. Richards-Kortum, \u201cEvaluation of quantitative image analysis criteria for the high-resolution microendoscopic detection of neoplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus.","volume":"15","author":"Muldoon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B81","first-page":"5421","article-title":"Staging fluorescence laparoscopy for gastric cancer by using 5-aminolevulinic acid.","volume":"32","author":"Murayama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5107(98)70009-4","article-title":"Colonic polyp differentiation using time-resolved autofluorescence spectroscopy.","volume":"48","author":"Mycek","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Endosc."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.9.096001","article-title":"Hyperspectral fluorescence lifetime imaging for optical biopsy.","volume":"18","author":"Nie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1109\/jstqe.2015.2510964","article-title":"Integrated time-resolved fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy instrument for intraoperative detection of brain tumor margin.","volume":"22","author":"Nie","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22697","article-title":"Spectroscopic characterization of oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma using multiphoton autofluorescence micro-spectroscopy.","volume":"49","author":"Pal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.002000","article-title":"Automated analysis of multimodal fluorescence lifetime imaging and optical coherence tomography data for the diagnosis of oral cancer in the hamster cheek pouch model.","volume":"7","author":"Pande","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.1.000186","article-title":"A dual-modality optical coherence tomography and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy system for simultaneous morphological and biochemical tissue characterization.","volume":"1","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.10136","article-title":"Temporally and spectrally resolved fluorescence spectroscopy for the detection of high grade dysplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus.","volume":"32","author":"Pfefer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0555","article-title":"Accuracy of in vivo multimodal optical imaging for detection of oral neoplasia.","volume":"5","author":"Pierce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s005350050019","article-title":"Feasibility of optical coherence tomography for high-resolution imaging of human gastrointestinal tract malignancies.","volume":"35","author":"Pitris","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2138","article-title":"Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus.","volume":"16","author":"Qiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B92","first-page":"2008","article-title":"Portable screening system for early detection of oral cancer.","volume":"13","author":"Rahman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.neo.7900077","article-title":"Fluorescence spectroscopy of neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues.","volume":"2","author":"Ramanujam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-017-3955-1","article-title":"Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.","volume":"41","author":"Schlottmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.000825","article-title":"Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of oral epithelial tissue using a depth-sensitive fiber-optic probe.","volume":"47","author":"Schwarz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.322","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of Barrett\u2019s esophagus.","volume":"111","author":"Shaheen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.10.105002","article-title":"In vivo Raman spectroscopic identification of premalignant lesions in oral buccal mucosa.","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1039\/c3an36761d","article-title":"In vivo Raman spectroscopy of oral buccal mucosa: a study on malignancy associated changes (MAC)\/cancer field effects (CFE).","volume":"138","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2717503","article-title":"In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia.","volume":"12","author":"Skala","year":"","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19494","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708425104","article-title":"In vivo multiphoton microscopy of NADH and FAD redox states, fluorescence lifetimes, and cellular morphology in precancerous epithelia.","volume":"104","author":"Skala","year":"","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.06.039","article-title":"Optical biopsy of human bladder neoplasia with in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy.","volume":"182","author":"Sonn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1039\/b412924p","article-title":"Time-resolved fluorescence microscopy.","volume":"4","author":"Suhling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3486612","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy for brain tumor image-guided surgery.","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927613001530","article-title":"Endoscopic fluorescence lifetime imaging for in vivo intraoperative diagnosis of oral carcinoma.","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.11.116003","article-title":"In vivo validation of a bimodal technique combining time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and ultrasonic backscatter microscopy for diagnosis of oral carcinoma.","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.11.016","article-title":"Esophageal-guided biopsy with volumetric laser endomicroscopy and laser cautery marking: a pilot clinical study.","volume":"79","author":"Suter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24935","article-title":"Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy for optical diagnosis in the stomach: Identification of Helicobacter-pylori infection and intestinal metaplasia.","volume":"126","author":"Teh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Cancer, J."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3631799","article-title":"Detection of intestinal dysplasia using angle-resolved low coherence interferometry.","volume":"16","author":"Terry","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6444","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.6444","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in detection of dysplasia and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and bilio-pancreatic ductal system.","volume":"14","author":"Testoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.5.056009","article-title":"Toward real-time virtual biopsy of oral lesions using confocal laser endomicroscopy interfaced with embedded computing.","volume":"17","author":"Thong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3646916","article-title":"Combined fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy for in vivo quantification of cancer biomarkers in low- and high-grade glioma surgery.","volume":"16","author":"Vald\u00e9s","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-012-2129-5","article-title":"Concomitant radio- and fluorescence-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity using ICG-99mTc-nanocolloid.","volume":"39","author":"van den Berg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.4.000696","article-title":"In vivo quantification of the scattering properties of tissue using multi-diameter single fiber reflectance spectroscopy.","volume":"4","author":"van Leeuwen-van Zaane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.128","article-title":"Optimizing early upper gastrointestinal cancer detection at endoscopy.","volume":"12","author":"Veitch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2011-0019-RA","article-title":"A clinical and histopathologic focus on barrett esophagus and barrett-related dysplasia.","volume":"135","author":"Voltaggio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1998.tb02521.x","article-title":"In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging for oncological applications.","volume":"68","author":"Wagnieres","year":"1998","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2010.01.053","article-title":"Preliminary accuracy and interobserver agreement for the detection of intraepithelial neoplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus with probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy.","volume":"72","author":"Wallace","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01835.x","article-title":"Updated guidelines 2008 for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett\u2019s esophagus.","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1216210","article-title":"Photoacoustic tomography: in vivo imaging fro organelles to organs.","volume":"335","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2795688","article-title":"Detection and treatment of dysplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus: a pivotal challenge in translating biophotonics from bench to bedside.","volume":"12","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.12.002404","article-title":"\u201cUltrahigh-resolution, high-speed, Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and methods for dispersion compensation.","volume":"12","author":"Wojtkowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.03.1968","article-title":"Safety and feasibility of volumetric laser endomicroscopy in patients with Barrett\u2019s esophagus (with videos).","volume":"82","author":"Wolfsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0675-OA","article-title":"Evaluation of barrett esophagus by multiphoton microscopy.","volume":"138","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.05.029","article-title":"Chromoendoscopy.","volume":"66","author":"Wong Kee Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.3.001521","article-title":"Multispectral scanning time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) technique for intravascular diagnosis.","volume":"3","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15847","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.015847","article-title":"Effective indicators for diagnosis of oral cancer using optical coherence tomography.","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120269","article-title":"Three-dimensional photoacoustic endoscopic imaging of the rabbit esophagus.","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.20.3.036010","article-title":"\u20185-aminolevulinic acid induced protoporphyrin IX as a fluorescence marker for quantitative image analysis of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus cellular models.","volume":"20","author":"Yeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jbo.20.2.028002","article-title":"\u20185-aminolevulinic acid for quantitative seek-and-treat of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett\u2019s Esophagus cellular models.","volume":"20","author":"Yeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.000675","article-title":"Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of epithelial tissue with a smart fiber-optic probe.","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.34.001132","article-title":"High-throughput acousto-optic-tunable-filter-based time-resolved fluorescence spectrometer for optical biopsy.","volume":"34","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.11.006","article-title":"Fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of salivary metabolites of oral cancer patients.","volume":"130","author":"Yuvaraj","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3784","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.40.003784","article-title":"Absolute autofluorescence spectra of human healthy, metaplastic, and early cancerous bronchial tissue in vivo.","volume":"40","author":"Zellweger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-017-0040","article-title":"Light scattering spectroscopy identifies the malignant potential of pancreatic cysts during endoscopy.","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.00339\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T05:37:07Z","timestamp":1589348227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.00339\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"references-count":134,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2020.00339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.00339","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"article-number":"339"}}