{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:27:52Z","timestamp":1789000072232,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autonomic imbalance plays a crucial role in the genesis and maintenance of cardiac disorders. Approaches to maintain sympatho-vagal balance in heart diseases have gained great interest in recent years. Emerging therapies However, certain types of emerging therapies including direct electrical stimulation and nerve denervation require invasive implantation of a generator and a bipolar electrode subcutaneously or result in autonomic nervous system (ANS) damage, inevitably increasing the risk of complications. More recently, non-invasive neuromodulation approaches have received great interest in ANS modulation. Non-invasive approaches have opened new fields in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we will review the protective roles of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques in heart diseases, including transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation, electromagnetic field stimulation, ultrasound stimulation, autonomic modulation in optogenetics, and light-emitting diode and transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (gammaCore).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.550578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T18:18:40Z","timestamp":1610302720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Non-invasive Autonomic Neuromodulation Is Opening New Landscapes for Cardiovascular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mingxian","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3164","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1046-12.2013","article-title":"Selective optogenetic activation of rostral ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic neurons produces cardiorespiratory stimulation in conscious mice","volume":"33","author":"Abbott","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.14744\/AnatolJCardiol.2016.7129","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation: An evolving adjunctive treatment for cardiac disease","volume":"16","author":"Akdemir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Cardiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22170","article-title":"Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) for treatment of hair loss","volume":"46","author":"Avci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.17110262","article-title":"Noninvasive brain stimulation: challenges and opportunities for a new clinical specialty","volume":"30","author":"Boes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0223848","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223848","article-title":"Influence of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on cardiac vagal activity: not different from sham stimulation and no effect of stimulation intensity","volume":"14","author":"Borges","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4094","article-title":"Optogenetics and the future of neuroscience","volume":"18","author":"Boyden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2014.080168","article-title":"The heart's \u2018little brain' controlling cardiac function in the rabbit","volume":"100","author":"Brack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2002)158[0352:IOAREF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Influence of a radiofrequency electromagnetic field on cardiovascular and hormonal parameters of the autonomic nervous system in healthy individuals","volume":"158","author":"Braune","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiat. Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.01.014","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation reduces spontaneous but not induced negative thought intrusions in high worriers","volume":"142","author":"Burger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.03.018","article-title":"Transcutaneous nerve stimulation via the tragus: are we really stimulating the vagus nerve?","volume":"11","author":"Burger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.07.005","article-title":"Mixed evidence for the potential of non-invasive transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation to improve the extinction and retention of fear","volume":"97","author":"Burger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.05.007","article-title":"The effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on conditioned fear extinction in humans","volume":"132","author":"Burger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2016.03.004","article-title":"Neuromodulation of the failing heart: lost in translation?","volume":"1","author":"Byku","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.03.007","article-title":"A review of low-intensity focused ultrasound pulsation","volume":"4","author":"Bystritsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349718","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/349718","article-title":"Induced effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the autonomic nervous system and the cardiac rhythm","volume":"2014","author":"Cabrerizo","year":"2014","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-016-1922-y","article-title":"Light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) improves functional capacity in rats with heart failure","volume":"31","author":"Capalonga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14233","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block and cardiac sympathetic denervation in patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia","volume":"30","author":"Cha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2019.10.011","article-title":"Hype or hope: vagus nerve stimulation against acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.10.114","article-title":"Low level tragus nerve stimulation is a non-invasive approach for anti-atrial fibrillation via preventing the loss of connexins","volume":"179","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.03.317","article-title":"Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation: a novel promising modulator for cardiac autonomic nerve system dysfunction","volume":"187","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.07.083","article-title":"Low-level vagus nerve stimulation: an important therapeutic option for atrial fibrillation treatment via modulating cardiac autonomic tone","volume":"199","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000309","article-title":"Left-sided noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation suppresses atrial fibrillation by upregulating atrial gap junctions in canines","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12850","article-title":"Low-level vagus nerve stimulation attenuates myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury by antioxidative stress and antiapoptosis reactions in canines","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.303772","article-title":"Role of the autonomic nervous system in atrial fibrillation: pathophysiology and therapy","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00303","article-title":"Possible mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Chervyakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in healthy humans reduces sympathetic nerve activity","volume":"7","author":"Clancy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2013.10.002","article-title":"Neuromodulation for depression: invasive and noninvasive (deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, trigeminal nerve stimulation)","volume":"25","author":"Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Clin. North Am"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08750-9","article-title":"Noninvasive sub-organ ultrasound stimulation for targeted neuromodulation","volume":"10","author":"Cotero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.11.003","article-title":"Effects of short and prolonged transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on heart rate variability in healthy subjects","volume":"203","author":"De Couck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.324","article-title":"Optogenetics","volume":"8","author":"Deisseroth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10380","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3863-06.2006","article-title":"Next-generation optical technologies for illuminating genetically targeted brain circuits","volume":"26","author":"Deisseroth","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12241","article-title":"Autonomic regulation therapy to enhance myocardial function in heart failure patients: the ANTHEM-HFpEF study","volume":"5","author":"DiCarlo","year":"2018","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2018.04.008","article-title":"Therapeutic applications of invasive neuromodulation in children and adolescents","volume":"41","author":"Doruk Camsari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North Am"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035011","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa9fc2","article-title":"Non-invasive peripheral nerve stimulation via focused ultrasound in vivo","volume":"63","author":"Downs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(99)00056-3","article-title":"The history of echocardiography","volume":"30","author":"Edler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnv025","article-title":"Complications of spinal cord stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation techniques: a review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Eldabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.10.003","article-title":"Optogenetic neuromodulation of the heart","volume":"70","author":"Gepstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000328326","article-title":"Light-emitting diode","volume":"42","author":"Gold","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.03.050","article-title":"Macrophages facilitate electrical conduction in the heart","volume":"169","author":"Hulsmans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00772","article-title":"Current directions in the auricular vagus nerve stimulation II\u2013an engineering perspective","volume":"13","author":"Kaniusas","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00854","article-title":"Current directions in the auricular vagus nerve stimulation I\u2013a physiological perspective","volume":"13","author":"Kaniusas","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.06.011","article-title":"Focused ultrasound-mediated non-invasive brain stimulation: examination of sonication parameters","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00200","article-title":"Autonomic neuromodulation for preventing and treating ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"10","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.13","article-title":"Ultrasound treatment of neurological diseases\u2013current and emerging applications","volume":"12","author":"Leinenga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2011.00395.x","article-title":"Incidence and avoidance of neurologic complications with paddle type spinal cord stimulation leads","volume":"14","author":"Levy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12148","article-title":"Device complication and failure management in neuromodulation","volume":"16","author":"Levy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3294","article-title":"Efficient and bright organic light-emitting diodes on single-layer graphene electrodes","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313221","article-title":"Device-based neuromodulation for resistant hypertension therapy","volume":"124","author":"Lohmeier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-014-9547-7","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for heart failure: preclinical studies to determine optimal stimulation parameters for clinical efficacy","volume":"7","author":"Lopshire","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00497","article-title":"Invasive intraneural interfaces: foreign body reaction issues","volume":"11","author":"Lotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe038163","article-title":"Angiotensin-receptor blockade in acute myocardial infarction\u2013a matter of dose","volume":"349","author":"Mann","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B52","first-page":"S317","article-title":"Review of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (gammaCore): efficacy, safety, potential impact on comorbidities, and economic burden for episodic and chronic cluster headache","volume":"23","author":"Mwamburi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"B53","first-page":"S527","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation for acute treatment of episodic migraine and role in treatment sequence strategies","volume":"24","author":"Mwamburi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.13585","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation reduces ventricular arrhythmias and increases ventricular electrical stability","volume":"42","author":"Nasi-Er","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8037812","article-title":"The challenge of magnetic vagal nerve stimulation for myocardial infarction -preliminary clinical trial","volume":"2017","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3268","article-title":"Optogenetics for in vivo cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapies","volume":"33","author":"Nussinovitch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2015.03.016","article-title":"Vagus nerve modulation of inflammation: cardiovascular implications","volume":"26","author":"Olshansky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12370","article-title":"The incidence of spinal cord injury in implantation of percutaneous and paddle electrodes for spinal cord stimulation","volume":"19","author":"Petraglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.08.010","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in humans; a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Redgrave","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(78)91125-3","article-title":"Anatomical evidence of direct projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other forebrain structures in the rat","volume":"153","author":"Ricardo","year":"1978","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2015.12.015","article-title":"The nervous heart","volume":"120","author":"Ripplinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.052","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases for 10 causes, 1990 to 2015","volume":"70","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.66","article-title":"Functional and histological effects of chronic neural electrode implantation","volume":"2","author":"Sahyouni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngosc. Investig. Otolaryngol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.03.020","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation and the autonomic nervous system","volume":"124","author":"Schestatsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00642","article-title":"Effects of non-invasive neuromodulation on executive and other cognitive functions in addictive disorders: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Schluter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.7.FOCUS15260","article-title":"Complications related to the use of spinal cord stimulation for managing persistent postoperative neuropathic pain after lumbar spinal surgery","volume":"39","author":"Shamji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.302549","article-title":"Role of the autonomic nervous system in modulating cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"114","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.4022\/jafib.882","article-title":"The role of the atrial neural network in atrial fibrillation: the metastatic progression hypothesis","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atr. Fibrillation"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-015-0094-1","article-title":"Cardioprotective effects of low-level carotid baroreceptor stimulation against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in canine model","volume":"45","author":"Sheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Interv. Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.09.034","article-title":"Prevention and reversal of atrial fibrillation inducibility and autonomic remodeling by low-level vagosympathetic nerve stimulation","volume":"57","author":"Sheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20140061","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus and trigeminal nerve stimulation for neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Shiozawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"B72","first-page":"S312","article-title":"Mechanism of action of non-invasive cervical vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of primary headaches","volume":"23","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2019.10.009","article-title":"New approaches for treating atrial fibrillation: focus on autonomic modulation","volume":"30","author":"Sohinki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-018-2584-8","article-title":"Photodynamic and photobiological effects of light-emitting diode (LED) therapy in dermatological disease: an update","volume":"33","author":"Sorbellini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.02.019","article-title":"Low-level vagus nerve stimulation suppresses post-operative atrial fibrillation and inflammation: a randomized study","volume":"3","author":"Stavrakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.12.026","article-title":"Low-level transcutaneous electrical vagus nerve stimulation suppresses atrial fibrillation","volume":"65","author":"Stavrakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e364","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005857","article-title":"Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation as acute therapy for migraine: the randomized PRESTO study","volume":"91","author":"Tassorelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.12.014","article-title":"1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases cerebral vasomotor reactivity: a possible autonomic nervous system modulation","volume":"7","author":"Vernieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvv004","article-title":"Systemic gene transfer enables optogenetic pacing of mouse hearts","volume":"106","author":"Vogt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2019.02.009","article-title":"Neuromodulation for the treatment of heart rhythm disorders","volume":"4","author":"Waldron","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(19)31139-8","article-title":"Low intensity ultrasound stimulation might reduce ventricular arrhythmias by modulation sympathetic neural activity in myocardial infarction canine model","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol"},{"key":"B82","first-page":"22098","article-title":"Anti-arrhythmic effects of atrial ganglionated plexi stimulation is accompanied by preservation of connexin43 protein in ischemia-reperfusion canine model","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1513-5","article-title":"Light-emitting diode therapy protects against ventricular arrhythmias by neuro-immune modulation in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion rat model","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13974","article-title":"Noninvasive light emitting diode therapy: a novel approach for postinfarction ventricular arrhythmias and neuroimmune modulation","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30783","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30783","article-title":"Noninvasive low-frequency electromagnetic stimulation of the left stellate ganglion reduces myocardial infarction-induced ventricular arrhythmia","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000201","article-title":"Low-level transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the auricular branch of vagus nerve ameliorates left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction by downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and transforming growth factor beta1","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001564","article-title":"Chronic intermittent low-level transcutaneous electrical stimulation of auricular branch of vagus nerve improves left ventricular remodeling in conscious dogs with healed myocardial infarction","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.09.005","article-title":"Modulating the inflammatory reflex in rats using low-intensity focused ultrasound stimulation of the vagus nerve","volume":"45","author":"Wasilczuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu258","article-title":"Optogenetic release of norepinephrine from cardiac sympathetic neurons alters mechanical and electrical function","volume":"105","author":"Wengrowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001596","article-title":"Local innervation and atrial fibrillation","volume":"128","author":"Wickramasinghe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eux011","article-title":"Denervation of the extrinsic cardiac sympathetic nervous system as a treatment modality for arrhythmia","volume":"19","author":"Witt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R266","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00381.2014","article-title":"Acute intermittent optogenetic stimulation of nucleus tractus solitarius neurons induces sympathetic long-term facilitation","volume":"308","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.12.022","article-title":"The use of low-level electromagnetic fields to suppress atrial fibrillation","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2017.04.036","article-title":"Low-level tragus stimulation for the treatment of ischemia and reperfusion injury in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004716","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004716","article-title":"Impacts of renal sympathetic activation on atrial fibrillation: the potential role of the autonomic cross talk between kidney and heart","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.02.010","article-title":"Renal sympathetic stimulation and ablation affect ventricular arrhythmia by modulating autonomic activity in a cesium-induced long QT canine model","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2012.11.019","article-title":"Low-level transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve: a noninvasive approach to treat the initial phase of atrial fibrillation","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2015.11.006","article-title":"Chronic intermittent low-level stimulation of tragus reduces cardiac autonomic remodeling and ventricular arrhythmia inducibility in a post-infarction canine model","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.09.1107","article-title":"Optogenetic modulation of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity to prevent ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"70","author":"Yu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu345","article-title":"Chronic vagal stimulation for the treatment of low ejection fraction heart failure: results of the NEural Cardiac TherApy foR Heart Failure (NECTAR-HF) randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Zannad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.10.043","article-title":"Relationship between right cervical vagus nerve stimulation and atrial fibrillation inducibility: therapeutic intensities do not increase arrhythmogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1113\/EP087351","article-title":"Low-level transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation attenuates cardiac remodelling in a rat model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"104","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12859","article-title":"The use of noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation to inhibit sympathetically induced sinus node acceleration: a potential therapeutic approach for inappropriate sinus tachycardia","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.75.Suppl_2.S94","article-title":"Heart-brain interactions in cardiac arrhythmias: role of the autonomic nervous system","volume":"75","author":"Zipes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clev. Clin. J. Med"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.02.010","article-title":"Ablation of atrial gangionated plexi to treat symptomatic sinus bradycardia","volume":"3","author":"Zipes","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00238","article-title":"The nucleus of the solitary tract and the coordination of respiratory and sympathetic activities","volume":"5","author":"Zoccal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.313965","article-title":"Impaired autonomic nervous system-microbiome circuit in hypertension","volume":"125","author":"Zubcevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.550578\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T18:18:43Z","timestamp":1610302723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.550578\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2020.550578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.550578","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"article-number":"550578"}}