{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T07:50:33Z","timestamp":1793260233853,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.586226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T04:49:18Z","timestamp":1605156558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Characterization of the Blood Brain Barrier Disruption in the Photothrombotic Stroke Model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rebecca Z.","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Gr\u00f6nnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geertje","family":"Mulders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Tackenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin E.","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruslan","family":"Rust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C343","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00095.2018","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke: targeting tight junctions and transporters for vascular protection.","volume":"315","author":"Abdullahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.01.015","article-title":"The vermicelli handling test: a simple quantitative measure of dexterous forepaw function in rats.","volume":"170","author":"Allred","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09522","article-title":"Pericytes regulate the blood\u2013brain barrier.","volume":"468","author":"Armulik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34002-9","article-title":"Sensorimotor stroke alters hippocampo-thalamic network activity.","volume":"8","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-8993(96)00815-3","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of blood-brain barrier permeability following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.","volume":"739","author":"Belayev","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.09.043","article-title":"Pericytes control key neurovascular functions and neuronal phenotype in the adult brain and during brain aging.","volume":"68","author":"Bell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03030-7","article-title":"Tight junction proteins at the blood\u2013brain barrier: far more than claudin-5.","volume":"76","author":"Berndt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000321965","article-title":"Biochemical markers for blood-brain barrier dysfunction in acute ischemic stroke correlate with evolution and outcome.","volume":"65","author":"Brouns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17548-y","article-title":"TRPV1-mediated pharmacological hypothermia promotes improved functional recovery following ischemic stroke.","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00236","article-title":"Inflammatory responses in the secondary thalamic injury after cortical ischemic stroke.","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1602\/neurorx.2.3.396","article-title":"Rodent models of focal stroke: size. mechanism, and purpose.","volume":"2","author":"Carmichael","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroRx"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-0173-2","article-title":"Increased age and male sex are independently associated with higher frequency of blood\u2013cerebrospinal fluid barrier dysfunction using the albumin quotient.","volume":"17","author":"Castellazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-750-1","author":"Dirnagl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rodent Models of Stroke."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.187","article-title":"Early loss of pericytes and perivascular stromal cell-induced scar formation after stroke.","volume":"33","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Klett","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. Off. J. Int. Soc. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30034-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016.","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2004.06.004","article-title":"In vivo visualization of vascular leakage in photochemically induced cortical infarction.","volume":"141","author":"Hoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/156720209787466073","article-title":"Secondary brain injuries in thalamus and hippocampus after focal ischemia caused by mild, transient extradural compression of the somatosensori cortex in the rat.","volume":"6","author":"Holmberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Neurovasc. Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2244","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier permeability assessed by perfusion CT predicts symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation and malignant edema in acute ischemic stroke.","volume":"32","author":"Hom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1017\/s0317167100000421","article-title":"Biphasic opening of the blood-brain barrier following transient focal ischemia: effects of hypothermia.","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci. J. Can. Sci. Neurol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.21.5.790","article-title":"Neural damage in the rat thalamus after cortical infarcts.","volume":"21","author":"Iizuka","year":"1990","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.10.001","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke.","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-011-9496-4","article-title":"Specific role of tight junction proteins claudin-5, occludin, and ZO-1 of the blood\u2013brain barrier in a focal cerebral ischemic insult.","volume":"44","author":"Jiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.008861","article-title":"Assessment of blood-brain barrier disruption in stroke.","volume":"46","author":"Kassner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.505420","article-title":"Early disruption of the blood-brain barrier after thrombolytic therapy predicts hemorrhage in patients with acute stroke.","volume":"39","author":"Kastrup","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649503","article-title":"Global Burden of Stroke.","volume":"38","author":"Katan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/50370","article-title":"Photothrombotic ischemia: a minimally invasive and reproducible photochemical cortical lesion model for mouse stroke studies.","volume":"76","author":"Labat-gest","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2011.05591.x","article-title":"Decrease of tight junction integrity in the ipsilateral thalamus during the acute stage after focal infarction and ablation of the cerebral cortex in rats.","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.76","article-title":"Neurogenesis and angiogenesis within the ipsilateral thalamus with secondary damage after focal cortical infarction in hypertensive rats.","volume":"29","author":"Ling","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. Off. J. Int. Soc. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171558","article-title":"Evolution of blood-brain-barrier permeability after acute ischemic stroke.","volume":"12","author":"Merali","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2247-3","article-title":"APOE4 leads to blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction predicting cognitive decline.","volume":"581","author":"Montagne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1159\/000499666","article-title":"Post-stroke blood-brain barrier disruption and poor functional outcome in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy.","volume":"47","author":"Nadareishvili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresprot.2003.11.004","article-title":"Volumetric evaluation of the ischemic lesion size with serial MRI in a transient MCAO model of the rat: comparison of DWI and T1WI.","volume":"12","author":"Nagel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Protoc."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0297-y","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction.","volume":"25","author":"Nation","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0083-8","article-title":"Dual-function injectable angiogenic biomaterial for the repair of brain tissue following stroke.","volume":"17","author":"Nih","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3407","article-title":"Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier.","volume":"19","author":"Obermeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000385","article-title":"In-vivo imaging of blood-brain barrier permeability using positron emission tomography with 2-amino-[3-11C]isobutyric acid.","volume":"36","author":"Okada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000358297","article-title":"Increased blood-brain barrier permeability on perfusion computed tomography predicts hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke.","volume":"72","author":"Ozkul-Wermester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000248","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown and neovascularization processes after stroke and traumatic brain injury.","volume":"28","author":"Prakash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70193-5","article-title":"Sex differences in stroke: epidemiology, clinical presentation, medical care, and outcomes.","volume":"7","author":"Reeves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.29.10.2189","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs are associated with blood-brain barrier opening after reperfusion in rat brain.","volume":"29","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800640RR","article-title":"Pro- and antiangiogenic therapies: current status and clinical implications.","volume":"33","author":"Rust","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40135-2","article-title":"A revised view on growth and remodeling in the retinal vasculature.","volume":"9","author":"Rust","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14270","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905309116","article-title":"Nogo-A targeted therapy promotes vascular repair and functional recovery following stroke.","volume":"116","author":"Rust","year":"","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.05.006","article-title":"Refueling the ischemic CNS: guidance molecules for vascular repair.","volume":"42","author":"Rust","year":"","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00244","article-title":"A practical guide to the automated analysis of vascular growth, maturation and injury in the brain.","volume":"14","author":"Rust","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56634-1","article-title":"Anti-Nogo-A antibodies prevent vascular leakage and act as pro-angiogenic factors following stroke.","volume":"9","author":"Rust","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-017-0091-7","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier protection as a therapeutic strategy for acute ischemic stroke.","volume":"19","author":"Sifat","year":"2017","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22005","article-title":"Quantification of cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and blood\u2013brain-barrier leakage with DCE-MRI.","volume":"62","author":"Sourbron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.02.012","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier is continuously open for several weeks following transient focal cerebral ischemia.","volume":"153","author":"Strbian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2891-16.2016","article-title":"Pericytes as inducers of rapid, matrix metalloproteinase-9-dependent capillary damage during Ischemia.","volume":"37","author":"Underly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068595","article-title":"Distinct patterns of cerebral extravasation by Evans blue and sodium fluorescein in rats.","volume":"8","author":"Yen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.067","article-title":"Establishment and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier.","volume":"163","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.586226\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T04:49:20Z","timestamp":1605156560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.586226\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2020.586226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.586226","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"article-number":"586226"}}