{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:35:35Z","timestamp":1777512935761,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide since the end of year 2019 and is currently responsive for coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). The first reports considered COVID-19 as a respiratory tract disease responsible for pneumonia, but numerous studies rapidly emerged to warn the medical community of COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations, including encephalopathy at the acute phase and other postinfectious manifestations. Using standard visual analysis or spectral analysis, recent studies reported electroencephalographic (EEG) findings of COVID-19 patients with various neurological symptoms. Most EEG recordings were normal or revealed non-specific abnormalities, such as focal or generalized slowing, interictal epileptic figures, seizures, or status epilepticus. Interestingly, novel EEG abnormalities over frontal areas were also described at the acute phase. Underlying mechanisms leading to brain injury in COVID-19 are still unknown and matters of debate. These frontal EEG abnormalities could emphasize the hypothesis whereby SARS-CoV-2 enters the central nervous system (CNS) through olfactory structures and then spreads in CNS via frontal lobes. This hypothesis is reinforced by the presence of anosmia in a significant proportion of COVID-19 patients and by neuroimaging studies confirming orbitofrontal abnormalities. COVID-19 represents a new viral disease characterized by not only respiratory symptoms but also a systemic invasion associated with extra-respiratory signs. Neurological symptoms must be the focus of our attention, and functional brain evaluation with EEG is crucial, in combination with anatomical and functional brain imaging, to better understand its pathophysiology. Evolution of symptoms together with EEG patterns at the distance of the acute episode should also be scrutinized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.622466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T23:57:30Z","timestamp":1613865450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["COVID-19-Associated Neurological Manifestations: An Emerging Electroencephalographic Literature"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Geoffroy","family":"Vellieux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Sonneville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rafima","family":"Vledouts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Jaquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anny","family":"Rouvel-Tallec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Pia","family":"d\u2019Ortho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2687","article-title":"Neurologic and radiographic findings associated with COVID-19 infection in children.","volume":"77","author":"Abdel-Mannan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010652","article-title":"Encephalopathy and bilateral thalamic lesions in a child with MIS-C associated with COVID-19.","volume":"95","author":"Abel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.020","article-title":"Encephalopathy in severe SARS-CoV2 infection: inflammatory or infectious?","volume":"98","author":"Abenza-Abild\u00faa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107335","article-title":"Seizure as the presenting symptom of COVID-19: a retrospective case series.","volume":"112","author":"Anand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09975-1","article-title":"COVID-19 encephalopathy: detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in CSF.","volume":"11","author":"Andriuta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.9378","article-title":"Seizures related to coronavirus disease (COVID-19): case series and literature review.","volume":"12","author":"Ashraf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.13.20152207","article-title":"Clinical electroencephalography findings and considerations in hospitalized patients with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.","author":"Ayub","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.05.005","article-title":"Non-lesional status epilepticus in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019.","volume":"131","author":"Balloy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.05.008","article-title":"Delirium in COVID-19: a case series and exploration of potential mechanisms for central nervous system involvement.","volume":"65","author":"Beach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.202122","article-title":"Encephalopathy and Encephalitis Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Alterations and Coronavirus Disease, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2020.","volume":"26","author":"Benameur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14298","article-title":"Two patients with acute meningoencephalitis concomitant with SARS-CoV-2 infection.","author":"Bernard-Valnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000777","article-title":"COVID-19-White matter and globus pallidum lesions: demyelination or small-vessel vasculitis?","volume":"7","author":"Brun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2020.06.001","article-title":"Electroencephalographic (EEG) features of encephalopathy in the setting of Covid-19: a case series.","volume":"5","author":"Canham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol Pract."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09958-2","article-title":"Cerebral involvement in COVID-19 is associated with metabolic and coagulation derangements: an EEG study.","author":"Cecchetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09986-y","article-title":"Mixed central and peripheral nervous system disorders in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.","volume":"267","author":"Chaumont","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.08.022","article-title":"Status epilepticus and other EEG findings in patients with COVID-19: a case series.","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020202422","article-title":"Retrospective observational study of brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurological manifestations.","volume":"297","author":"Chougar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6762","article-title":"COVID-19-associated PRES-like encephalopathy with perivascular gadolinium enhancement.","volume":"41","author":"Conte","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2020.05.004","article-title":"Focal EEG changes indicating critical illness associated cerebral microbleeds in a Covid-19 patient.","volume":"5","author":"De Stefano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Pract."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323678","article-title":"COVID-19\u2013associated acute necrotising encephalopathy successfully treated with steroids and polyvalent immunoglobulin with unusual IgG targeting the cerebral fibre network.","volume":"91","author":"Delamarre","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14478","article-title":"Covid-19-related encephalopathy: a case series with brain FDG-PET\/CT findings.","volume":"27","author":"Delorme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04679-w","article-title":"Acutely altered mental status as the main clinical presentation of multiple strokes in critically ill patients with COVID-19.","volume":"41","author":"D\u00edaz-P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-324291","article-title":"Immunosuppression for intracranial vasculitis associated with SARS-CoV-2: therapeutic implications for COVID-19 cerebrovascular pathology.","author":"Dixon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009653","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations in an infant with COVID-19.","volume":"94","author":"Dugue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.024","article-title":"Meningoencephalitis without respiratory failure in a young female patient with COVID-19 infection in Downtown Los Angeles, early April 2020.","volume":"87","author":"Duong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e294","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010977","article-title":"CSF biomarkers in patients with COVID-19 and neurological symptoms: a case series.","volume":"96","author":"Ed\u00e9n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22184","article-title":"Heightened neurologic complications in children with pandemic H1N1 influenza.","volume":"68","author":"Ekstrand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26113","article-title":"First case of focal epilepsy associated with SARS-coronavirus-2.","volume":"92","author":"Elgamasy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30221-0","article-title":"Neurological associations of COVID-19.","volume":"19","author":"Ellul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-237364","article-title":"COVID-19-associated meningoencephalitis treated with intravenous immunoglobulin.","volume":"13","author":"El-Zein","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04731-9","article-title":"Seizure in patients with COVID-19.","author":"Emami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.7930","article-title":"Neurological complications of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): encephalopathy, mri brain and cerebrospinal fluid findings: case 2.","volume":"12","author":"Espinosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01812-2","article-title":"Acute encephalopathy with elevated CSF inflammatory markers as the initial presentation of COVID-19.","volume":"20","author":"Farhadian","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.925776","article-title":"COVID-19 precipitating status epilepticus in a pediatric patient.","volume":"21","author":"Farley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04460-z","article-title":"First motor seizure as presenting symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection.","volume":"41","author":"Fasano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.7352","article-title":"Neurological complications of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): encephalopathy.","volume":"12","author":"Filatov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25838","article-title":"Intact brain network function in an unresponsive patient with COVID -19.","volume":"88","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.05.011","article-title":"Pay more attention to EEG in COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"131","author":"Flamand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02308-1","article-title":"Fatal central nervous system co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and tuberculosis in a healthy child.","volume":"20","author":"Freij","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12399","article-title":"EEG findings in acutely ill patients investigated for SARS-CoV-2\/COVID-19: a small case series preliminary report.","volume":"5","author":"Galanopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00507","article-title":"Case report: benign infantile seizures temporally associated with COVID-19.","volume":"8","author":"Garc\u00eda-Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10214-w","article-title":"Acute new-onset symptomatic seizures in the context of mild COVID-19 infection.","author":"Gaughan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.249292","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis concomitant with SARS-CoV-2 infection: insight from 18F-FDG PET imaging and neuronal autoantibodies.","volume":"61","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0968-3","article-title":"Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19.","volume":"26","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00814","article-title":"Encephalopathy and seizure activity in a COVID-19 well controlled HIV patient.","volume":"21","author":"Haddad","year":"2020","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04703-z","article-title":"Covid-19-associated acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalomyelitis.","author":"Handa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-020-02535-4","article-title":"Non-aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in COVID-19.","author":"Harrogate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597","article-title":"Neurologic Features in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection.","volume":"382","author":"Helms","year":"","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03200-1","article-title":"Delirium and encephalopathy in severe COVID-19: a cohort analysis of ICU patients.","volume":"24","author":"Helms","year":"","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-020-01006-1","article-title":"Acute symptomatic seizures in critically ill patients with COVID-19: is there an association?","author":"Hepburn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010636","article-title":"Pearls and Oy-sters: leukoencephalopathy in critically ill COVID-19 patients.","volume":"95","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00659","article-title":"Potential of SARS-CoV-2 to cause CNS infection: biologic fundamental and clinical experience.","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577405","article-title":"Covid-19 systemic infection exacerbates pre-existing acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).","volume":"349","author":"Hussein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/585428","article-title":"New onset refractory status epilepticus in a young man with H1N1 infection.","volume":"2014","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep. Neurol. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2020.05.016","article-title":"COVID-19 leading to acute encephalopathy in a patient with heart transplant.","volume":"39","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.042","article-title":"Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a COVID-19 patient.","volume":"88","author":"Kajani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.04.030","article-title":"18FDG PET\/CT scan reveals hypoactive orbitofrontal cortex in anosmia of COVID-19.","volume":"27","author":"Karimi-Galougahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.318","article-title":"Pediatric neurological complications of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1).","volume":"68","author":"Kedia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323816","article-title":"Postinfectious brainstem encephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2.","volume":"91","author":"Khoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6715","article-title":"Imaging features of acute encephalopathy in patients with COVID-19: a case series.","volume":"41","author":"Kihira","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020202791","article-title":"Nervous System Involvement in COVID-19: results from a retrospective consecutive neuroimaging cohort.","volume":"297","author":"Klironomos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16612","article-title":"Orbitofrontal involvement in a neuroCOVID-19 patient.","volume":"61","author":"Le Guennec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2020.76","article-title":"Persistent psychotic symptoms following COVID-19 infection.","volume":"6","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6793","article-title":"Brain imaging of patients with COVID-19: findings at an academic institution during the height of the outbreak in New York City.","volume":"41","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00470-2","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in COVID-19 disease: a case-report.","author":"Llans\u00f3","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Compr. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10201-1","article-title":"Bickerstaff encephalitis after COVID-19.","author":"Llorente Ayuso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09904-2","article-title":"Non-epileptic seizures in autonomic dysfunction as the initial symptom of COVID-19.","volume":"267","author":"Logmin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.08.003","article-title":"Continuous electroencephalography characteristics and acute symptomatic seizures in COVID-19 patients.","volume":"131","author":"Louis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.06.010","article-title":"Seizure with CSF lymphocytosis as a presenting feature of COVID-19 in an otherwise healthy young man.","volume":"80","author":"Lyons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04487-2","article-title":"Brainstem involvement and respiratory failure in COVID-19.","volume":"41","author":"Manganelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2109","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010282","article-title":"Acute hypokinetic-rigid syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 infection.","volume":"95","author":"M\u00e9ndez-Guerrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09885-2","article-title":"Stroke in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: case series.","volume":"267","author":"Morassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577400","article-title":"COVID-19-related encephalopathy presenting with aphasia resolving following tocilizumab treatment.","volume":"349","author":"Muccioli","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13046","article-title":"Subcortical myoclonus in COVID-19: comprehensive evaluation of a patient.","volume":"7","author":"Muccioli","year":"","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.054","article-title":"Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in a psychiatric Covid-19 patient: a case report.","volume":"87","author":"Panariello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmaa070","article-title":"Neurological Complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","author":"Panda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117019","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in patients with COVID-19.","volume":"416","author":"Parauda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09951-9","article-title":"COVID-19-associated acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).","author":"Parsons","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.07.003","article-title":"EEG findings in COVID-19 related encephalopathy.","volume":"131","author":"Pasini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051545","article-title":"Specific EEG encephalopathy pattern in SARS-CoV-2 patients.","volume":"9","author":"Pastor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa240","article-title":"The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings.","volume":"143","author":"Paterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.06.001","article-title":"Quantitative EEG markers to prognosticate critically ill patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"131","author":"Pati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16667","article-title":"Continuous EEG findings in patients with COVID-19 infection admitted to a New York academic hospital system.","volume":"61","author":"Pellinen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14491","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome-associated encephalopathy in patients with COVID-19.","volume":"28","author":"Perrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2020.06.001","article-title":"Electroencephalogram (EEG) in COVID-19: a systematic retrospective study.","volume":"50","author":"Petrescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa609","article-title":"Clinical presentation and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 related encephalitis: the ENCOVID multicentre study.","volume":"28","author":"Pilotto","year":"","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25783","article-title":"Steroid-responsive encephalitis in coronavirus disease 2019.","volume":"88","author":"Pilotto","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10001-7","article-title":"Reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in a COVID-19 patient.","author":"Princiotta Cariddi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010354","article-title":"COVID-19-related encephalopathy responsive to high doses glucocorticoids.","volume":"95","author":"Pugin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e767","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009829","article-title":"Generalized myoclonus in COVID-19.","volume":"95","author":"R\u00e1bano-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116945","article-title":"COVID-19-associated delayed posthypoxic necrotizing leukoencephalopathy.","volume":"415","author":"Radmanesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00805","article-title":"Inpatient neurology consultations during the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 New York city pandemic: a single center case series.","volume":"11","author":"Radmard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117119","article-title":"Radiographic and clinical neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 related hypoxemia.","volume":"418","author":"Radnis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6680","article-title":"COVID-19 and involvement of the corpus callosum: potential effect of the cytokine storm?","volume":"41","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.08.005","article-title":"Non-convulsive status epilepticus in a patient with COVID-19 infection.","volume":"131","author":"Rodrigo-Armenteros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1060","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009937","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: the ALBACOVID registry.","volume":"95","author":"Romero-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03131-x","article-title":"COVID-19-associated acute cerebral venous thrombosis: clinical, CT, MRI and EEG features.","volume":"24","author":"Roy-Gash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-020-04755-8","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of pediatric multi-system inflammatory syndrome potentially associated with COVID-19.","volume":"36","author":"Schupper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.192","article-title":"Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)-associated encephalopathies and cerebrovascular disease: the new orleans experience.","volume":"141","author":"Scullen","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.04.007","article-title":"EEG during the COVID-19 pandemic: what remains the same and what is different.","volume":"131","author":"Sethi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105260","article-title":"Neurological complications among native americans with COVID-19: our experience at a tertiary care academic hospital in the U.S.","volume":"29","author":"Shekhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00782","article-title":"COVID-19 Presenting with Seizures.","volume":"20","author":"Sohal","year":"2020","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400920941652","article-title":"Neurovascular and perfusion imaging findings in coronavirus disease 2019: case report and literature review.","volume":"33","author":"Soldatelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroradiol. J."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51071","article-title":"De novo status epilepticus in patients with COVID-19.","volume":"7","author":"Somani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Trans. Neurol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000197","article-title":"Intracranial pressure dynamics and cerebral vasomotor reactivity in coronavirus disease 2019 patient with acute encephalitis.","volume":"2","author":"Svedung Wettervik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care Explor."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2020.100275","article-title":"Encephalopathy in COVID-19 patients; viral, parainfectious, or both?","volume":"21","author":"Umapathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2020.100821","article-title":"Encephalitis associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus: a case report.","volume":"22","author":"Vandervorst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.06.005","article-title":"COVID-19 associated encephalopathy: is there a specific EEG pattern?","volume":"131","author":"Vellieux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25814","article-title":"Report on electroencephalographic findings in critically ill patients with COVID -19.","volume":"88","author":"Vespignani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010250","article-title":"Acute necrotizing encephalopathy with SARS-CoV-2 RNA confirmed in cerebrospinal fluid.","volume":"95","author":"Virhammar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.04.009","article-title":"Focal status epilepticus as unique clinical feature of COVID-19: a case report.","volume":"78","author":"Vollono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2020-0039","article-title":"Anosmia: a missing link in the neuroimmunology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).","author":"Yazdanpanah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.07.007","article-title":"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a man with COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2-accelerated neurodegeneration?","volume":"89","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105016","article-title":"Hemorrhagic stroke in setting of severe COVID-19 infection requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO).","volume":"29","author":"Zahid","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04374-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions.","volume":"162","author":"Zanin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102324","article-title":"A case of possible atypical demyelinating event of the central nervous system following COVID-19.","volume":"44","author":"Zoghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.622466\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T23:57:36Z","timestamp":1613865456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.622466\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"references-count":116,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2020.622466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.622466","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"article-number":"622466"}}