{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:08:19Z","timestamp":1792508899454,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Placenta is an important organ that is crucial for both fetal and maternal health. Abnormalities of the placenta, such as during intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and pre-eclampsia (PE) are common, and an improved understanding of these diseases is needed to improve medical care. Biomechanics analysis of the placenta is an under-explored area of investigation, which has demonstrated usefulness in contributing to our understanding of the placenta physiology. In this review, we introduce fundamental biomechanics concepts and discuss the findings of biomechanical analysis of the placenta and umbilical cord, including both tissue biomechanics and biofluid mechanics. The biomechanics of placenta ultrasound elastography and its potential in improving clinical detection of placenta diseases are also discussed. Finally, potential future work is listed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.587635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T08:15:17Z","timestamp":1628756117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A Review of Biomechanics Analysis of the Umbilical\u2013Placenta System With Regards to Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shier Nee","family":"Saw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choon Hwai","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.01.014","article-title":"SWAVE imaging of placental elasticity and viscosity: proof of concept","volume":"43","author":"Abeysekera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-5629(89)90096-3","article-title":"Effect of placental resistance, arterial diameter, and blood pressure on the uterine arterial velocity waveform: a computer modeling approach","volume":"15","author":"Adamson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.1997.0462","article-title":"Hypoxia regulates basal and induced DNA synthesis and collagen type I production in human cardiac fibroblasts: effects of transforming growth factor-\u03b21, thyroid hormone, angiotensin II and basic fibroblast growth factor","volume":"29","author":"Agocha","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2019-0238","article-title":"Placental elasticity assessment by point shear wave elastography in pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"47","author":"Akbas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2016.17.2.218","article-title":"Assessment of placental stiffness using acoustic radiation force impulse elastography in pregnant women with fetal anomalies","volume":"17","author":"Alan","year":"","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2016.03.037","article-title":"Diagnosis of pre-eclampsia and assessment of severity through examination of the placenta with acoustic radiation force impulse elastography","volume":"135","author":"Alan","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2016.04.006","article-title":"Is evaluation of placenta with real-time sonoelastography during the second trimester of pregnancy an effective method for the assessment of spontaneous preterm birth risk?","volume":"40","author":"Albayrak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Imaging"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4021\/jocmr1682w","article-title":"A brief overview of preeclampsia","volume":"6","author":"Al-Jameil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1427","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00111.2013","article-title":"The mechanical properties of human adipose tissues and their relationships to the structure and composition of the extracellular matrix","volume":"305","author":"Alkhouli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200008000-00022","article-title":"Placental apoptosis in preeclampsia","volume":"96","author":"Allaire","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(97)00150-4","article-title":"Velocity profiles in a closed, unbaffled vessel: comparison between experimental LDV data and numerical CFD predictions","volume":"52","author":"Armenante","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI83083","article-title":"Endothelial fluid shear stress sensing in vascular health and disease","volume":"126","author":"Baeyens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-2115(96)02390-1","article-title":"Collagen and glycosaminoglycans of Wharton's jelly and their alterations in EPH-gestosis","volume":"66","author":"Ba\u0144kowski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Euro. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reproduct. Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-017-0892-8","article-title":"Viscosity and haemodynamics in a late gestation rat feto-placental arterial network","volume":"16","author":"Bappoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomech. Model Mechanobiol"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigating the upstream and downstream hemodynamic boundary conditions of healthy and growth-restricted rat feto-placental arterial networks","volume-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng","author":"Bappoo","year":"2021"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2478\/s11536-009-0025-6","article-title":"An increase of elastic tissue fibers in blood vessel walls of placental stem villi and differences in the thickness of blood vessel walls in third trimester pre-eclampsia pregnancies","volume":"5","author":"Baran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200606000-00009","article-title":"Adult consequences of fetal growth restriction","volume":"49","author":"Barker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-5-24","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction and placental angiogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Barut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2002.00671.x","article-title":"Umbilical venous volume flow in the normally developing and growth-restricted human fetus","volume":"19","author":"Boito","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(97)90251-3","article-title":"Computerized microscope morphometry of umbilical vessels from pregnancies with intrauterine growth retardation and abnormal umbilical artery doppler","volume":"28","author":"Bruch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103377","article-title":"The biomechanics of the umbilical cord wharton jelly: roles in hemodynamic proficiency and resistance to compression","volume":"100","author":"Brunelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.211.2.r99ma48411","article-title":"Relationship between the resistive index and vascular compliance and resistance 1","volume":"211","author":"Bude","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2008.11.005","article-title":"Decreased umbilical artery compliance and IGF-I plasma levels in infants with intrauterine growth restriction \u2013 implications for fetal programming of hypertension","volume":"30","author":"Burkhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2015.11.008","article-title":"A new hyperelastic model for anisotropic hyperelastic materials with one fiber family","volume":"84","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"144","article-title":"Fetal growth restriction induces heterogeneous effects on vascular biomechanical and functional properties in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)","volume-title":"Front. Physiol","author":"Ca\u00f1as","year":"2017"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2002.0904","article-title":"Placental extracellular matrix: gene expression, deposition by placental fibroblasts and the effect of oxygen","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4727","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271745","article-title":"Programming of maternal and offspring disease: impact of growth restriction, fetal sex and transmission across generations","volume":"594","author":"Cheong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20170025","article-title":"Study to evaluate association of umbilical coiling index and perinatal outcome","volume":"6","author":"Chholak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Contracept. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213689","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/213689","article-title":"Umbilical coiling index as a marker of perinatal outcome: an analytical study","volume":"2012","author":"Chitra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Int"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-006-0137-y","article-title":"Transversely isotropic properties of porcine liver tissue: experiments and constitutive modelling","volume":"45","author":"Chui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.34.1.151","article-title":"Shear wave elastography in placental dysfunction: comparison of elasticity values in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies in the second trimester","volume":"34","author":"Cimsit","year":"","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-014-3479-y","article-title":"Strain elastography in placental dysfunction: placental elasticity differences in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies in the second trimester","volume":"291","author":"Cimsit","year":"","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1502","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1502","article-title":"Computational modeling of the interactions between the maternal and fetal circulations in human pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Clark","year":"2021","journal-title":"WIREs Mech. Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140078","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2014.0078","article-title":"Multiscale modelling of the feto-placental vasculature","volume":"5","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.16-0492","article-title":"Concise review: wharton's jelly: the rich, but enigmatic, source of mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"6","author":"Davies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.17.2.93.100","article-title":"The umbilical coiling index, a review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"de Laat","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022012000300031","article-title":"Vascular pattern of chorionic blood vessels of placenta and its correlation with the birth weight of neonate","volume":"30","author":"de los Vasos Sangu\u00edneos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Morphol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840802649707","article-title":"Does placenta position modify the risk of placental abruption in car crashes?","volume":"12","author":"Delotte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-012-0158-4","article-title":"Umbilical coiling index & the perinatal outcome","volume":"62","author":"Devaru","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. India"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.03.010","article-title":"Determination of hyperelastic properties for umbilical artery in preeclampsia from uniaxial extension tests","volume":"169","author":"Dodson","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2012.156","article-title":"Increased arterial stiffness and extracellular matrix reorganization in intrauterine growth-restricted fetal sheep","volume":"73","author":"Dodson","year":"","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C854","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00315.2012","article-title":"Differential gene expression by endothelial cells under positive and negative streamwise gradients of high wall shear stress","volume":"305","author":"Dolan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.08.037","article-title":"Placental elasticity and histopathological findings in normal and intra-uterine growth restriction pregnancies assessed with strain elastography in ex vivo placenta","volume":"43","author":"Durhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70166-7","article-title":"Long-term nitric oxide blockade in the pregnant rat: effects on blood pressure and plasma levels of endothelin-1","volume":"175","author":"Edwards","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13078","article-title":"Comparison of placental elasticity in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnant women by acoustic radiation force impulse elastosonography","volume":"42","author":"Erbil","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-020-05596-1","article-title":"Comparison of placental elasticity in normal and intrauterine growth retardation pregnancies by ex vivo strain elastography","volume":"302","author":"Eroglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.02.024","article-title":"Bioengineering aspects of the umbilical cord","volume":"144","author":"Ferguson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reproduct. Biol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.33.2.197","article-title":"Shear wave elastography for evaluation of liver fibrosis","volume":"33","author":"Ferraioli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2000.00208.x","article-title":"Umbilical vein blood flow in growth-restricted fetuses","volume":"16","author":"Ferrazzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.08.055","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction: new concepts in antenatal surveillance, diagnosis, and management","volume":"204","author":"Figueras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B51","unstructured":"FungY.-C.\n          New York, NYSpringer-Verlag New YorkBiomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues2013"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6856-2","volume-title":"Biomechanics: Motion, Flow, Stress, and Growth.","author":"Fung","year":"1990"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2015.07.130","article-title":"Patient-specific estimates of vascular and placental properties in growth-restricted fetuses based on a model of the fetal circulation","volume":"36","author":"Garcia-Canadilla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2005.0073","article-title":"Hyperelastic modelling of arterial layers with distributed collagen fibre orientations","volume":"3","author":"Gasser","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.03.016","article-title":"Evaluation of the Wharton's jelly poroelastic parameters through compressive tests on placental and foetal ends of human umbilical cords","volume":"35","author":"Gervaso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2011.09.011","article-title":"Maternal mortality from preeclampsia\/eclampsia","volume":"36","author":"Ghulmiyyah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2012.2201497","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear elastic modulus imaging: an application to breast cancer diagnosis","volume":"31","author":"Goenezen","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2007.00819.x","article-title":"Anthropometry of fetal vasculature in the chorionic plate","volume":"211","author":"Gordon","year":"","journal-title":"J. Anat"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1389.037","article-title":"Fetal blood flow in branching models of the chorionic arterial vasculature","volume":"1101","author":"Gordon","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.02.012","article-title":"The human placenta project: placental structure, development, and function in real time","volume":"35","author":"Guttmacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/10520295.2017.1410993","article-title":"Histomorphometric changes in the placenta and umbilical cord during complications of pregnancy","volume":"93","author":"G\u00fcven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotech. Histochem"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(83)80016-2","article-title":"Morphological study of the fetal vasculature of the human term placenta: Scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts","volume":"4","author":"Habashi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2017.10.007","article-title":"In vivo assessment of placental elasticity in intrauterine growth restriction by shear-wave elastography","volume":"97","author":"Habibi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6192","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06192","article-title":"Novel 3D microscopic analysis of human placental villous trees reveals unexpected significance of branching angles","volume":"4","author":"Haeussner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24004","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24004","article-title":"Edler von Koch, novel 3D light microscopic analysis of IUGR placentas points to a morphological correlate of compensated ischemic placental disease in humans","volume":"6","author":"Haeussner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9175657","article-title":"3D Global time-delay estimation for shear-wave absolute vibro-elastography of the placenta","volume":"2020","author":"Hashemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s43055-020-00246-7","article-title":"Shear wave velocity by quantitative acoustic radiation force impulse in the placenta of normal and high-risk pregnancy","volume":"51","author":"Hefeda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Radiol. Nuclear Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.11.014","article-title":"Impact of early- and late-onset preeclampsia on features of placental and newborn vascular health","volume":"49","author":"Herzog","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt089","article-title":"Biomechanical factors as triggers of vascular growth","volume":"99","author":"Hoefer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.07.003","article-title":"Quantifying dynamic mechanical properties of human placenta tissue using optimization techniques with specimen-specific finite-element models","volume":"42","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-0222-0","article-title":"A stochastic visco-hyperelastic model of human placenta tissue for finite element crash simulations","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3896","article-title":"Mechanotransduction and extracellular matrix homeostasis","volume":"15","author":"Humphrey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2011.06.006","article-title":"Remodeling of fetoplacental arteries in rats due to chronic hypoxia","volume":"65","author":"Hvizdo\u0161ov\u00e1-Kle\u0161\u010dov\u00e1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3284","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3284","article-title":"Rigid-bar loading on pregnant uterus and development of pregnant abdominal response corridor based on finite element biomechanical model","volume":"36","author":"Irannejad Parizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Method Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.07.013","article-title":"Fetoplacental vascular alterations associated with fetal growth restriction","volume":"35","author":"Junaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04379-0","article-title":"Whole organ vascular casting and microCT examination of the human placental vascular tree reveals novel alterations associated with pregnancy disease","volume":"7","author":"Junaid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719109351596","article-title":"Hemodynamic analysis of arterial blood flow in the coiled umbilical cord","volume":"17","author":"Kaplan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproduct. Sci"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231997","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231997","article-title":"A computational fluid dynamics modelling of maternal-fetal heat exchange and blood flow in the umbilical cord","volume":"15","author":"Kasiteropoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2014.14338","article-title":"Shear wave elastography of placenta: in vivo quantitation of placental elasticity in preeclampsia","volume":"21","author":"Kili\u00e7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagn. Intervent. Radiol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H2204","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1999.276.6.H2204","article-title":"Hemodynamic model for analysis of doppler ultrasound indexes of umbilical blood flow","volume":"276","author":"Kleiner-Assaf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circul. Physiol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23116","article-title":"Hypoxic culture conditions induce increased metabolic rate and collagen gene expression in ACL-derived cells","volume":"34","author":"Kowalski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70103-5","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction with absent end-diastolic flow velocity in the umbilical artery is associated with maldevelopment of the placental terminal villous tree","volume":"175","author":"Krebs","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/016173469802000403","article-title":"Elastic moduli of breast and prostate tissues under compression","volume":"20","author":"Krouskop","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(87)80067-4","article-title":"The umbilical cord twist: origin direction, and relevance","volume":"157","author":"Lacro","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.027","article-title":"Multiscale modeling of the cardiovascular system: application to the study of pulmonary and coronary perfusions in the univentricular circulation","volume":"38","author":"Lagan\u00e0","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomech"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2008.08.017","article-title":"Quantitative 3D micro-CT imaging of the human feto-placental vasculature in intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"29","author":"Langheinrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.11.055","article-title":"Mechanical testing and non-linear viscoelastic modelling of the human placenta in normal and growth restricted pregnancies","volume":"49","author":"Lau","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70432-5","article-title":"Nitric oxide is involved in flow-induced dilation of isolated human small fetoplacental arteries","volume":"174","author":"Learmont","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2007.01.005","article-title":"Biomechanics approaches to studying human diseases","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19970701\/15)38:1\/2<76::AID-JEMT9>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Placental vascular corrosion cast studies: a comparison between ruminants and humans","volume":"38","author":"Leiser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.01.016","article-title":"Multiscale three-dimensional imaging of the placenta","volume":"102","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.013474","article-title":"Effects of pulsatile shear stress on nitric oxide production and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase expression by ovine fetoplacental artery endothelial cells","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2016.06.037","article-title":"A multiscale model of placental oxygen exchange: the effect of villous tree structure on exchange efficiency","volume":"408","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.05.001","article-title":"Placental vascular tree characterization based on ex-vivo MRI with a potential application for placental insufficiency assessment","volume":"96","author":"Link","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0177","article-title":"Role of shear stress and stretch in vascular mechanobiology","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(05)80642-3","article-title":"Structural analysis of placental terminal villi from growth-restricted pregnancies with abnormal umbilical artery doppler waveforms","volume":"17","author":"Macara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.09.020","article-title":"Dynamic tensile properties of human placenta","volume":"41","author":"Manoogian","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"091008","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3194694","article-title":"Effect of strain rate on the tensile material properties of human placenta","volume":"131","author":"Manoogian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.09.003","article-title":"Pulsatility effects of flow on vascular tone in the fetoplacental circulation","volume":"101","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46836-4_4","article-title":"Biomechanics of blood vessels: structure, mechanics, adaptation","volume-title":"Advances in Metallic Biomaterials: Tissues, Materials and Biological Reactions","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2015"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.02.011","article-title":"The Placenta in pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction: studies on exchange surface areas, diffusion distances and villous membrane diffusive conductances","volume":"28","author":"Mayhew","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2002.0900","article-title":"Stereological investigation of placental morphology in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia with and without intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"24","author":"Mayhew","year":"2003","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.01.009","article-title":"Shear wave elastography in the living, perfused, post-delivery placenta","volume":"42","author":"McAleavey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.02.021","article-title":"Multiscale modelling in biofluidynamics: application to reconstructive paediatric cardiac surgery","volume":"39","author":"Migliavacca","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomech"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00234-2","article-title":"Mechanical properties of brain tissue in tension","volume":"35","author":"Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-014-3456-5","article-title":"Antenatal umbilical coiling index as a predictor of perinatal outcome","volume":"291","author":"Mittal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1205\/02638760152721253","article-title":"Experiments and CFD predictions of solid particle distribution in a vessel agitated with four pitched blade turbines","volume":"79","author":"Montante","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Design"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaz018","article-title":"Emerging concepts of shear stress in placental development and function","volume":"25","author":"Morley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4004(92)90057-Z","article-title":"Control of vascular resistance in the human placenta","volume":"13","author":"Myatt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.21970","article-title":"Umbilical venous blood flow and its measurement in the human fetus","volume":"40","author":"Najafzadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.06.016","article-title":"A robust anisotropic hyperelastic formulation for the modelling of soft tissue","volume":"39","author":"Nolan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2015.06.008","article-title":"Placental elasticity evaluation using virtual touch tissue quantification during pregnancy","volume":"36","author":"Ohmaru","year":"2015","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B113","first-page":"155","article-title":"Elastography: Imaging the elastic properties of soft tissues with ultrasound","volume-title":"J. Med. Ultrason","author":"Ophir","year":"2002"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.01.025","article-title":"A finite nonlinear hyper-viscoelastic model for soft biological tissues","volume":"69","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomech"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12380","article-title":"Added value of umbilical vein flow as a predictor of perinatal outcome in term small-for-gestational-age fetuses","volume":"42","author":"Parra-Saavedra","year":"","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.09.018","article-title":"Placental findings in late-onset SGA births without Doppler signs of placental insufficiency","volume":"34","author":"Parra-Saavedra","year":"","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000014083","article-title":"Elastin of the umbilical cord arteries and its alterations in EPH gestosis (preeclampsia)","volume":"75","author":"Pawlicka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B118","unstructured":"Biomechanical properties of the human umbilical cord355366\n            PennatiG.\n          12016319Biorheology382001"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-013-0131-0","article-title":"How do cord compressions affect the umbilical venous flow resistance? An in vitro investigation of the biomechanical mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Pennati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2012.727403","article-title":"Material properties of the placenta under dynamic loading conditions","volume":"17","author":"P\u00e9r\u00e8s","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4654","article-title":"Placental elastography in a murine intrauterine growth restriction model","volume":"35","author":"Quibel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20174419","article-title":"Relationship of umbilical coiling index and perinatal outcome","volume":"6","author":"Rahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Reproduct. Contracept. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200208000-00018","article-title":"Altered sonographic umbilical cord morphometry in early-onset preeclampsia","volume":"100","author":"Raio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2003.22.12.1341","article-title":"Umbilical cord morphologic characteristics and umbilical artery doppler parameters in intrauterine growth\u2013restricted fetuses","volume":"22","author":"Raio","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.08.007","article-title":"Arterio-venous fetoplacental vascular geometry and hemodynamics in the mouse placenta","volume":"58","author":"Rennie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(86)90041-9","article-title":"Feto-placental circulatory competence","volume":"21","author":"Reuwer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Euro. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reproduct. Biol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117356","article-title":"Early and persistent reduction in umbilical vein blood flow in the growth-restricted fetus: a longitudinal study","volume":"185","author":"Rigano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.055236","article-title":"The placenta in pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"61","author":"Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542695","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/542695","article-title":"Extracellular matrix remodeling of the umbilical cord in pre-eclampsia as a risk factor for fetal hypertension","volume":"2011","author":"Romanowicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.06.367","article-title":"Invigorating placental research through the \u201cHuman Placenta Project\u201d","volume":"35","author":"Sadovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4395","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/18\/014","article-title":"A method to measure the hyperelastic parameters of ex vivo breast tissue samples","volume":"49","author":"Samani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-016-0810-5","article-title":"Characterization of the in vivo wall shear stress environment of human fetus umbilical arteries and veins","volume":"16","author":"Saw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.12.007","article-title":"Motorizing and optimizing ultrasound strain elastography for detection of intrauterine growth restriction pregnancies","volume":"44","author":"Saw","year":"","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-018-2019-5","article-title":"Hyperelastic mechanical properties of ex vivo normal and intrauterine growth restricted placenta","volume":"46","author":"Saw","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-018-1017-8","article-title":"Characterization of the hemodynamic wall shear stresses in human umbilical vessels from normal and intrauterine growth restricted pregnancies","volume":"17","author":"Saw","year":"","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34834-5","article-title":"Altered placental chorionic arterial biomechanical properties during intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"8","author":"Saw","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.173252","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction, human placental development and trophoblast cell death","volume":"587","author":"Scifres","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.05.017","article-title":"Hemodynamic analysis of blood flow in umbilical artery using computational modeling","volume":"57","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2017.01.004","article-title":"Three-dimensional flow patterns in the feto-placental vasculature system of the mouse placenta","volume":"111","author":"Shannon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.5450760333","article-title":"Validation of CFD simulations of a stirred tank using particle image velocimetry data","volume":"76","author":"Sheng","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem. Eng"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(87)80036-4","article-title":"Umbilical cord size and amniotic fluid volume in prolonged pregnancy","volume":"157","author":"Silver","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-020-05697-x","article-title":"Characterizing placental stiffness using ultrasound shear-wave elastography in healthy and preeclamptic pregnancies","volume":"302","author":"Spiliopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.082832bs","article-title":"Shear stress regulation of nitric oxide production in uterine and placental artery endothelial cells: experimental studies and hemodynamic models of shear stress forces on endothelial cells","volume":"54","author":"Sprague","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2205-0140.2012.tb00013.x","article-title":"The development, structure and blood flow within the umbilical cord with particular reference to the venous system","volume":"15","author":"Spurway","year":"2012","journal-title":"Australas J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2003.122","article-title":"Computational modeling of arterial biomechanics: insights into pathogenesis and treatment of vascular disease","volume":"37","author":"Steinman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(13)70274-6","article-title":"The umbilical coiling index","volume":"170","author":"Strong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.07.006","article-title":"Wall shear stress and related hemodynamic parameters in the fetal descending aorta derived from color doppler velocity profiles","volume":"31","author":"Struijk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.08.014","article-title":"A new method for measurement of placental elasticity: acoustic radiation force impulse imaging","volume":"34","author":"Sugitani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-5629(96)00041-5","article-title":"Downstream determinants of pulsatility of the mean velocity waveform in the umbilical artery as predicted by a computer model","volume":"22","author":"Surat","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.01.013","article-title":"Analysis of placental vascularization in a pharmacological rabbit model of IUGR induced by l-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor","volume":"35","author":"Tarrade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-5629(90)90167-B","article-title":"Doppler waveform pulsatility index and resistance, pressure and flow in the umbilical placental circulation: an investigation using a mathematical model","volume":"16","author":"Thompson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(87)80241-7","article-title":"Umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms and placental resistance: the effects of embolization of the umbilical circulation","volume":"157","author":"Trudinger","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9876","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46151-6","article-title":"Differences in placental capillary shear stress in fetal growth restriction may affect endothelial cell function and vascular network formation","volume":"9","author":"Tun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B154","first-page":"290.e1","article-title":"Optimizing the definition of intrauterine growth restriction: the multicenter prospective PORTO Study","volume-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol","author":"Unterscheider","year":"2013"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1222","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00212.2006","article-title":"Abnormal arterial flows by a distributed model of the fetal circulation","volume":"291","author":"van den Wijngaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integrat. Comparat. Physiol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(00)00199-X","article-title":"Nonlinear stress-strain relationships in tissue and their effect on the contrast-to-noise ratio in elastograms","volume":"26","author":"Varghese","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1177\/0161734613477321","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of rodent mammary tumors using ultrasonic shear-wave imaging","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.051607","article-title":"Reactivity of human placental chorionic plate vessels from pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)1","volume":"75","author":"Wareing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0588-2","article-title":"Stress state and strain rate dependence of the human placenta","volume":"40","author":"Weed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2020.08.002","article-title":"Computational modelling for the spiral flow in umbilical arteries with different systole\/diastole flow velocity ratios","volume":"84","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-008-0359-2","article-title":"The arterial windkessel","volume":"47","author":"Westerhof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2014-0146","article-title":"Isotropic incompressible hyperelastic models for modelling the mechanical behaviour of biological tissues: a review","volume":"60","author":"Wex","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90327-5","article-title":"Shear stress may stimulate release and action of nitric oxide in the human fetal-placental vasculature","volume":"173","author":"Wieczorek","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-002-0252-y","article-title":"Decrease of elastic tissue fibres in stem villus blood vessels of the human placenta during IUGR and IUGR with concomitant pre-eclampsia","volume":"205","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.09.066","article-title":"Estimating umbilical cord flow resistance from measurements of the whole cord","volume":"103","author":"Wilke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.16002","article-title":"Measurement of elasticity of normal placenta using the virtual touch quantification technique","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90299-X","article-title":"Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in rats during pregnancy produces signs similar to those of preeclampsia","volume":"169","author":"Yallampalli","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0086878","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086878","article-title":"Characterizaton of the vessel geometry, flow mechanics and wall shear stress in the great arteries of wildtype prenatal mouse","volume":"9","author":"Yap","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5535","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.5207","article-title":"Vascular corrosion casting of normal and pre-eclamptic placentas","volume":"14","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2015.1110120","article-title":"Shear wave elastography of the placenta in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"36","author":"Yuksel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.05.004","article-title":"China human placenta project: a global effort to promote placenta medicine","volume":"44","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2003.11.026","article-title":"A strain energy function for arteries accounting for wall composition and structure","volume":"37","author":"Zulliger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomech"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2018.07.004","article-title":"Nitric oxide and the biology of pregnancy","volume":"110","author":"Zullino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vascul. Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.587635\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T08:15:23Z","timestamp":1628756123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.587635\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":173,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2021.587635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.587635","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"article-number":"587635"}}