{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T18:55:50Z","timestamp":1771268150143,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kidney involvement is a common complication during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Its association with poor outcomes, especially in critically ill patients, raises issues whether kidney involvement reflects multi-organ damage or if it is a specific feature of the infection. Based on observational studies, autopsy series, and on current understanding of the route of entry of the virus, this review will highlight the different types of kidney involvement during COVID-19 and put them in the perspective of the different pathophysiological hypotheses. Virus entry route through ACE2 ligation and TMPRSS2 coligation allows identifying potential viral targets in the kidney, including tubules, endothelial cells, and glomerulus. While reports have described damages of all these structures and virus kidney tropism has been identified in renal extracts in autopsy series, no direct viral infection has been found in the latter structures thus far on kidney biopsies. Notwithstanding the technical challenge of disclosing viral invasion within tissues and cells, viral direct cytopathogenic effect generally does not appear as the cause of the observed renal damage. Inflammation and altered hemodynamics, described as \u201cviral sepsis,\u201d might rather be responsible for organ dysfunction, including kidneys. We shall place these various mechanisms into an integrated vision where the synergy between direct viral pathogenicity and systemic inflammation enhances renal damage. As SARS-CoV-2 inexorably continues its rampant spread, understanding the sequence of events in the kidneys might thus help inform improved therapeutic strategies, including antiviral drugs and immunomodulators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.613019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T14:47:15Z","timestamp":1615474035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Good Treatment, the Bad Virus, and the Ugly Inflammation: Pathophysiology of Kidney Involvement During COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marie-B\u00e9n\u00e9dicte","family":"Le Stang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Desenclos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Flamant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin G.","family":"Chousterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nahid","family":"Tabibzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.06.029","article-title":"The hypercoagulable state in COVID-19: incidence, pathophysiology, and management.","volume":"194","author":"Abou-Ismail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19.","volume":"383","author":"Ackermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82.e","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.10.001","article-title":"Multicenter clinicopathologic correlation of kidney biopsies performed in COVID-19 patients presenting with acute kidney injury or proteinuria.","volume":"77","author":"Akilesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.08.021","article-title":"Lopinavir-ritonavir associated acute kidney injury is not related to crystalluria in critically-ill COVID-19 patients. Lopinavir-ritonavir associated acute kidney injury is not related to crystalluria in critically-ill COVID-19 patients.","volume":"5","author":"Arrestier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06120-4","article-title":"Clinical phenotypes of critically ill COVID-19 patients.","volume":"46","author":"Azoulay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intens. Care Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c110041","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury.","volume":"2","author":"Basile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Physiol. Am. Cancer Soc."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020040419","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in COVID-19: emerging evidence of a distinct pathophysiology.","volume":"31","author":"Batlle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-020-0464-x","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections using commercially available reagents.","volume":"100","author":"Best Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab Investig. J. Tech. Methods Pathol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.07.035","article-title":"Acute kidney injury associated with lopinavir\/ritonavir combined therapy in patients with COVID-19.","volume":"5","author":"Binois","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0801327","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury.","volume":"361","author":"Bosch","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09610620","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in a national cohort of hospitalized US veterans with COVID-19.","volume":"16","author":"Bowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31305-2","article-title":"Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections in Washington State: a case series.","volume":"396","author":"Bradley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31759-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 renal tropism associates with acute kidney injury.","volume":"396","author":"Braun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103104","article-title":"Persistence of viral RNA, pneumocyte syncytia and thrombosis are hallmarks of advanced COVID-19 pathology.","volume":"61","author":"Bussani","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.05.003","article-title":"Multivesicular bodies mimicking SARS-CoV-2 in patients without COVID-19.","volume":"98","author":"Calomeni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A trial of lopinavir\u2013ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19.","volume":"382","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0002692020","article-title":"Appearances can be deceiving - viral-like inclusions in COVID-19 negative renal biopsies by electron microscopy.","volume":"1","author":"Cassol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066620946692","article-title":"COVID-19-associated critical illness\u2014report of the first 300 patients admitted to intensive care units at a New York city medical center.","volume":"35","author":"Chand","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019.","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.03.005","article-title":"Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19.","volume":"97","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa088","article-title":"Indirect effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on the kidney in coronavirus disease patients.","volume":"13","author":"Couturier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-359","article-title":"In-vitro renal epithelial cell infection reveals a viral kidney tropism as a potential mechanism for acute renal failure during Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus infection.","volume":"10","author":"Eckerle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02317-w","article-title":"Dying with SARS-CoV-2 infection-an autopsy study of the first consecutive 80 cases in Hamburg.","volume":"134","author":"Edler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Germany Int. J. Legal Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm2023328","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway cells.","volume":"383","author":"Ehre","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa160","article-title":"Acute kidney injury and kidney replacement therapy in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06153-9","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19.","volume":"46","author":"Gabarre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intens. Care Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.04.022","article-title":"Tubuloreticular inclusions in COVID-19\u2013related collapsing glomerulopathy.","volume":"98","author":"Gaillard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020050755","article-title":"Caution in identifying coronaviruses by electron microscopy.","volume":"31","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0038-2020","article-title":"Respiratory viral sepsis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.","volume":"29","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China.","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0003352020","article-title":"Urinary sediment microscopy in acute kidney injury associated with COVID-19.","volume":"1","author":"Hernandez-Arroyo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.05.006","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.","volume":"98","author":"Hirsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429.e","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.042","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in the respiratory tract.","volume":"182","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B35","year":"2020","journal-title":"Discovery: Stopping Inclusions in Two Treatment Groups. Newsroom | Inserm."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.07.049","article-title":"Time-dependent effect, immortal bias, and competing risk: 3 components that should be handled to assess the impact of covariates on occurrence of acute kidney injury.","volume":"98","author":"Jamme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.05.025","article-title":"Thrombotic microangiopathy in a patient with COVID-19.","volume":"98","author":"Jhaveri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00989","article-title":"The enigma of endothelium in COVID-19.","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2020.1754700","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and intravascular volume management strategies in the critically ill.","volume":"33","author":"Kazory","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent."},{"key":"B3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) \u2013 KDIGO."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.013","article-title":"Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19.","volume":"191","author":"Klok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa109","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019: acute Fanconi syndrome precedes acute kidney injury.","volume":"13","author":"Kormann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03090707","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation and lung\u2013kidney interactions.","volume":"3","author":"Koyner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020060802","article-title":"Kidney biopsy findings in patients with COVID-19.","volume":"31","author":"Kudose","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1670","article-title":"Renal ACE2 expression in human kidney disease.","volume":"204","author":"Lely","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000182057","article-title":"Pathophysiology of renal hemodynamics.","volume":"27","author":"Maher","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0002652020","article-title":"Acute kidney injury associated with coronavirus disease 2019 in Urban New Orleans.","volume":"1","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007070744","article-title":"IL-6\/IL-6R axis plays a critical role in acute kidney injury.","volume":"19","author":"Nechemia-Arbely","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05731108","article-title":"Misapplications of commonly used kidney equations: renal physiology in practice.","volume":"4","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06026-1","article-title":"Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the COVID-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis.","volume":"46","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intens. Care Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2010.010076","article-title":"Tubular proteinuria in acute kidney injury: a critical evaluation of current status and future promise.","volume":"47","author":"Parikh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020030276","article-title":"Renal involvement and early prognosis in patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia.","volume":"31","author":"Pei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03062-7","article-title":"The vascular endothelium: the cornerstone of organ dysfunction in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.","volume":"24","author":"Pons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care Lond. Engl."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.05.004","article-title":"Kidney infarction in patients with COVID-19.","volume":"76","author":"Post","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off J. Natl. Kidney Found."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2011400","article-title":"Multiorgan and renal tropism of SARS-CoV-2.","volume":"383","author":"Puelles","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03218-5","article-title":"Unspecific post-mortem findings despite multiorgan viral spread in COVID-19 patients.","volume":"24","author":"Remmelink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care Lond. Engl."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.06.013","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes for patients with COVID-19 and acute kidney injury.","volume":"5","author":"Robbins-Juarez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa099","article-title":"Characterization of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019.","volume":"13","author":"Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020050744","article-title":"Postmortem kidney pathology findings in patients with COVID-19.","volume":"31","author":"Santoriello","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0595-z","article-title":"In situ detection of SARS-CoV-2 in lungs and airways of patients with COVID-19.","volume":"33","author":"Schaefer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020050699","article-title":"COVID-19-associated kidney injury: a case series of kidney biopsy findings.","volume":"31","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3).","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.04.003","article-title":"Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China.","volume":"98","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2012.10.011","article-title":"Hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients.","volume":"28","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015060647","article-title":"Severity and frequency of proximal tubule injury determines renal prognosis.","volume":"27","author":"Takaori","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1159\/000446448","article-title":"Tubular transport in acute kidney injury: relevance for diagnosis, prognosis and intervention.","volume":"134","author":"Vallon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19.","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0332-3","article-title":"COVAN is the new HIVAN: the re-emergence of collapsing glomerulopathy with COVID-19.","volume":"16","author":"Velez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001659","article-title":"Critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury have reduced renal blood flow and perfusion despite preserved cardiac function; a case-control study using contrast enhanced ultrasound.","author":"Watchorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shock Augusta Ga [Online ahead of print]"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.07.019","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 causes a specific dysfunction of the kidney proximal tubule.","volume":"98","author":"Werion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-2003","article-title":"Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients With COVID-19: a prospective cohort study.","author":"Wichmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B71","year":"2021","journal-title":"WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020050558","article-title":"AKI and collapsing glomerulopathy associated with COVID-19 and APOL1 high-risk genotype.","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2004.09.031","article-title":"Renal hypouricemia is an ominous sign in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome.","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020040426","article-title":"Clinicopathological features and outcomes of acute kidney injury in critically ill COVID-19 with prolonged disease course: a retrospective cohort.","volume":"31","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006050423","article-title":"Glomerular localization and expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme: implications for albuminuria in diabetes.","volume":"17","author":"Ye","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.613019\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T14:47:27Z","timestamp":1615474047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.613019\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2021.613019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.613019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"article-number":"613019"}}