{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:29:24Z","timestamp":1791995364794,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":318,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal muscle possesses remarkable plasticity that permits functional adaptations to a wide range of signals such as motor input, exercise, and disease. Small animal models have been pivotal in elucidating the molecular mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle adaptation and plasticity. However, these small animal models fail to accurately model human muscle disease resulting in poor clinical success of therapies. Here, we review the potential of<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>three-dimensional tissue-engineered skeletal muscle models to study muscle function, plasticity, and disease. First, we discuss the generation and function of<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>skeletal muscle models. We then discuss the genetic, neural, and hormonal factors regulating skeletal muscle fiber-type<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>and the ability of current<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>models to study muscle fiber-type regulation. We also evaluate the potential of these systems to be utilized in a patient-specific manner to accurately model and gain novel insights into diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and volumetric muscle loss. We conclude with a discussion on future developments required for tissue-engineered skeletal muscle models to become more mature, biomimetic, and widely utilized for studying muscle physiology, disease, and clinical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.619710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T05:54:36Z","timestamp":1614318876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle Models to Study Muscle Function, Plasticity, and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alastair","family":"Khodabukus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.041673","article-title":"The use of genetically humanized animal models for personalized medicine approaches.","volume":"13","author":"Aartsma-Rus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dis. 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