{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:06:57Z","timestamp":1792462017602,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["307293\/2019-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307293\/2019-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["431740\/2018-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["431740\/2018-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder classically characterized by symptoms of motor impairment (e.g., tremor and rigidity), but also presenting with important non-motor impairments. There is evidence for the reduced activity of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic limbs of the autonomic nervous system at rest in PD. Moreover, inappropriate autonomic adjustments accompany exercise, which can lead to inadequate hemodynamic responses, the failure to match the metabolic demands of working skeletal muscle and exercise intolerance. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear, but relevant alterations in several discrete central regions (e.g., dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, intermediolateral cell column) have been identified. Herein, we critically evaluate the clinically significant and complex associations between the autonomic dysfunction, fatigue and exercise capacity in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.626640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T05:14:56Z","timestamp":1616130896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Autonomic Function in Patients With Parkinson\u2019s Disease: From Rest to Exercise"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jeann L.","family":"Sabino-Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauro C.","family":"Vianna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02298957","article-title":"The metabolic, catecholamine and cardiovascular effects of exercise in human sympathetic denervation.","volume":"11","author":"Akinola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-8703(37)90581-7","article-title":"Observations in man upon a blood pressure raising reflex arising from the voluntary muscles.","volume":"89","author":"Alam","year":"1937","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202100","article-title":"The universal prescription for Parkinson\u2019s disease: exercise.","volume":"10","author":"Alberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24393","article-title":"Heart rate variability and the risk of Parkinson disease: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.","volume":"77","author":"Alonso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-5004-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","author":"Alves","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.01.033","article-title":"Physiology of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system.","volume":"8","author":"Armour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.0000250939.71343.7c","article-title":"Early abnormalities of vascular and cardiac autonomic control in Parkinson\u2019s disease without orthostatic hypotension.","volume":"49","author":"Barbic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0664-3","article-title":"Multi-organ distribution of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein histopathology in subjects with Lewy body disorders.","volume":"119","author":"Beach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00200","article-title":"Homeostasis: the underappreciated and far too often ignored central organizing principle of physiology.","volume":"11","author":"Billman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2004.06.009","article-title":"Impaired cardiovascular autonomic control in newly and long-term-treated patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: involvement of L-dopa therapy.","volume":"116","author":"Bouhaddi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"II3","article-title":"Pathoanatomy of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","author":"Braak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1245179","article-title":"[Pathophysiology of sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease].","author":"Braak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/s0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-004-0956-9","article-title":"Stages in the development of Parkinson\u2019s disease-related pathology.","volume":"318","author":"Braak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-010-0170-6","article-title":"Parasympathetic but not sympathetic cardiac dysfunction at early stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"99","author":"Buob","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00570.2018","article-title":"Microneurography and sympathetic nerve activity: a decade-by-decade journey across 50 years.","volume":"121","author":"Carter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)15794-2","article-title":"Fatigue in neurological disorders.","volume":"363","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.257758","article-title":"Myths and realities of the cardiac vagus.","volume":"591","author":"Coote","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1971.sp009498","article-title":"The reflex nature of the pressor response to muscular exercise.","volume":"215","author":"Coote","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25380","article-title":"A two-year randomized controlled trial of progressive resistance exercise for Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"28","author":"Corcos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1994.74.2.323","article-title":"Functional organization of central pathways regulating the cardiovascular system.","volume":"74","author":"Dampney","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.2003.01070.x","article-title":"Medullary and supramedullary mechanisms regulating sympathetic vasomotor tone.","volume":"177","author":"Dampney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01067.2015","article-title":"Progressive resistance exercise restores some properties of the triphasic EMG pattern and improves bradykinesia: the PRET-PD randomized clinical trial.","volume":"116","author":"David","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1126\/science.144.3623.1223","article-title":"Negative inotropic effect of the vagus nerves upon the canine ventricle.","volume":"144","author":"Degeest","year":"1964","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12298","article-title":"Review: Sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease: development and distribution of \u03b1-synuclein pathology.","volume":"42","author":"Del Tredici","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22612","article-title":"Norepinephrine and cardiovascular responses to maximal exercise in Parkinson\u2019s disease on and off medication.","volume":"24","author":"DiFrancisco-Donoghue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.198135","article-title":"Autonomic innervation in multiple system atrophy and pure autonomic failure.","volume":"81","author":"Donadio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.40.7.1079","article-title":"Sympathetic neural outflow directly recorded in patients with primary autonomic failure: clinical observations, microneurography, and histopathology.","volume":"40","author":"Dotson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1979.tb08668.x","article-title":"Evidence for two distinct types of postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor in vascular smooth muscle in vivo.","volume":"67","author":"Drew","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140022","article-title":"Autonomic adjustments to exercise in humans.","volume":"5","author":"Fisher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0127-3","article-title":"Baroreflex sensitivity and power spectral analysis in different extrapyramidal syndromes.","volume":"115","author":"Friedrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neural Trans."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22844","article-title":"Baroreflex sensitivity and power spectral analysis during autonomic testing in different extrapyramidal syndromes.","volume":"25","author":"Friedrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410330405","article-title":"Loss of C1 and C3 epinephrine-synthesizing neurons in the medulla oblongata in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"33","author":"Gai","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23394","article-title":"What are the most important nonmotor symptoms in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and are we missing them?","volume":"25","author":"Gallagher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-014-0236-z","article-title":"Treadmill gait training improves baroreflex sensitivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"24","author":"Ganesan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130026","article-title":"Dysautonomia in Parkinson disease.","volume":"4","author":"Goldstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000002086","article-title":"Survival in synucleinopathies: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"85","author":"Goldstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000081216.11623.C3","article-title":"Association between supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure.","volume":"42","author":"Goldstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2014.5859","article-title":"Causes and consequences of degeneration of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"21","author":"Greene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.38.7.1091","article-title":"Effect of L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine on muscle sympathetic nerve activities in Shy-Drager syndrome.","volume":"38","author":"Kachi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2007.00923.x","article-title":"The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus is not an obligatory trigger site of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a critical analysis of alpha-synuclein staging.","volume":"34","author":"Kalaitzakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2000.00127.x","article-title":"Heart rate variability in patients with untreated Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"7","author":"Kallio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.12.020","article-title":"Blunted maximal and submaximal responses to cardiopulmonary exercise tests in patients with Parkinson disease.","volume":"97","author":"Kanegusuku","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000138500.73671.dc","article-title":"Autonomic failure as the initial presentation of Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.","volume":"63","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1509723","article-title":"Baroreflex dysfunction.","volume":"382","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24877","article-title":"Natural history of pure autonomic failure: a United States prospective cohort.","volume":"81","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01277.2013","article-title":"Novel, high-intensity exercise prescription improves muscle mass, mitochondrial function, and physical capacity in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"116","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02291136","article-title":"The value of the isometric hand-grip test\u2013studies in various autonomic disorders.","volume":"6","author":"Khurana","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00034","article-title":"Non-gaussianity of low frequency heart rate variability and sympathetic activation: lack of increases in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson disease.","volume":"3","author":"Kiyono","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00653","article-title":"Rehabilitative impact of exercise training on human skeletal muscle transcriptional programs in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"11","author":"Lavin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527319666200905122222","article-title":"Association between heart rate variability and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis.","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2012.07.008","article-title":"Exercise-induced hypotension in autonomic disorders.","volume":"171","author":"Low","year":"2012","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00314190","article-title":"Autonomic disturbances and cardiovascular reflexes in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"235","author":"Ludin","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.11.6.602","article-title":"Role of the nucleus ambiguus in the regulation of heart rate and arterial pressure.","volume":"11","author":"Machado","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.06.005","article-title":"Control of ventricular excitability by neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve.","volume":"12","author":"Machhada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1113\/jp270984","article-title":"Origins of the vagal drive controlling left ventricular contractility.","volume":"594","author":"Machhada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15097","article-title":"Vagal determinants of exercise capacity.","volume":"8","author":"Machhada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.71.1.1","article-title":"Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability: a tool to explore neural regulatory mechanisms.","volume":"71","author":"Malliani","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.24.1.76","article-title":"Blood pressure during supine exercise in idiopathic orthostatic hypotension.","volume":"24","author":"Marshall","year":"1961","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1972.sp009887","article-title":"Reflex cardiovascular and respiratory responses originating in exercising muscle.","volume":"224","author":"McCloskey","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27268","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"33","author":"Merola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-018-00584-7","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease and animal models.","volume":"29","author":"Metzger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.04.009","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses during resistance exercise in patients with Parkinson disease.","volume":"10","author":"Miyasato","year":"2018","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12269","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein pathology in the cranial and spinal nerves in Lewy body disease.","volume":"36","author":"Nakamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23744","article-title":"Does cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction contribute to fatigue in Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"26","author":"Nakamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.01.003","article-title":"Role of cardiac sympathetic nerves in preventing orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"20","author":"Nakamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03135.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular dysautonomia in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease without orthostatic hypotension.","volume":"18","author":"Oka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26079","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson disease: how much you fall or how low you go?","volume":"30","author":"Palma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.09.002","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson disease.","volume":"36","author":"Palma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00446.2006","article-title":"Point: cardiovascular variability is\/is not an index of autonomic control of circulation.","volume":"101","author":"Parati","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.14.2.223","article-title":"An essay on the shaking palsy. 1817.","volume":"14","author":"Parkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk5040078","article-title":"Fatigability and cardiorespiratory impairments in Parkinson\u2019s disease: potential non-motor barriers to activity performance.","volume":"5","author":"Pechstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00951","article-title":"Axonal degeneration of the vagus nerve in Parkinson\u2019s disease-a high-resolution ultrasound study.","volume":"9","author":"Pelz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26077","article-title":"The onset of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease (the ONSET PD study).","volume":"30","author":"Pont-Sunyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S732","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22499","article-title":"123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy in Parkinson\u2019s disease and related disorders.","author":"Rascol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02281625","article-title":"Exercise test in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"9","author":"Reuter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0638","article-title":"Hemodynamic responses to an exercise stress test in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients without orthostatic hypotension.","volume":"44","author":"Roberson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27063","article-title":"Projection of the prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in the coming decades: Revisited.","volume":"33","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00443.2020","article-title":"Baroreflex function in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Insights from the modified-Oxford technique.","volume":"124","author":"Sabino-Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00548.2020","article-title":"Baroreflex dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: integration of central and peripheral mechanisms.","author":"Sabino-Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1113\/ep087620","article-title":"Circulatory responses at the onset of handgrip exercise in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"104","author":"Sabino-Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00308.2018","article-title":"Blunted cardiovascular responses to exercise in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: role of the muscle metaboreflex.","volume":"120","author":"Sabino-Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312120921603","article-title":"Altered cardiorespiratory regulation during exercise in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a challenging non-motor feature.","volume":"8","author":"Sabino-Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1985.tb03164.x","article-title":"Autonomic cardiovascular responses in parkinsonism: effect of levodopa with dopa-decarboxylase inhibition.","volume":"71","author":"Sachs","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.04.002","article-title":"Effects of leg muscle fatigue on gait in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and controls with high and low levels of daily physical activity.","volume":"47","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20580","article-title":"Analysis of the relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and cardiac 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"20","author":"Shindo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.10.1407","article-title":"Age and duration related changes in muscle sympathetic nerve activity in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"74","author":"Shindo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000001685","article-title":"Resistance training improves sleep quality in subjects with moderate Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"31","author":"Silva-Batista","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28128","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of exercise for Parkinsonian individuals with freezing of gait.","volume":"35","author":"Silva-Batista","year":"","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28128","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of exercise for Parkinsonian individuals with freezing of gait.","volume":"35","author":"Silva-Batista","year":"","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.113.02970","article-title":"Differentiated baroreflex modulation of sympathetic nerve activity during deep brain stimulation in humans.","volume":"63","author":"Sverrisd\u00f3ttir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.93.5.1043","article-title":"Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.","volume":"93","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B93","first-page":"H593","article-title":"Sympathetically mediated cardiac responses to isolated muscle metaboreflex activation following exercise are modulated by body position in humans.","volume":"314","author":"Teixeira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1249\/jes.0000000000000218","article-title":"Cardiovascular control during exercise: the connectivity of skeletal muscle afferents to the brain.","volume":"48","author":"Teixeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1159\/000116319","article-title":"Cardiovascular reflexes in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"26","author":"Turkka","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.118.10609","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension in the first minute after standing up: what is the clinical relevance and do symptoms matter?","volume":"71","author":"van Wijnen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2019.05.002","article-title":"Reflex control of the cardiovascular system during exercise in disease.","volume":"10","author":"Vianna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Physiol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.09.091","article-title":"Symbolic dynamics of heart rate variability in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with orthostatic hypotension.","volume":"225","author":"Vianna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28298","article-title":"The adapted resistance training with instability randomized controlled trial for gait automaticity.","volume":"36","author":"Vieira-Yano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00805","article-title":"Atrophy of the vagus nerve in Parkinson\u2019s disease revealed by high-resolution ultrasonography.","volume":"9","author":"Walter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B101","article-title":"Autonomic ganglionic injection of \u03b1-synuclein fibrils as a model of pure autonomic failure \u03b1-synucleinopathy.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/01.npt.0000282570.78544.00","article-title":"Cardiovascular response to treadmill testing in Parkinson disease.","volume":"30","author":"Werner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0b013e3181ea1597","article-title":"Physical activities and future risk of Parkinson disease.","volume":"75","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190160","article-title":"Running wheel exercise reduces alpha-synuclein aggregation and improves motor and cognitive function in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.626640\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T05:15:11Z","timestamp":1616130911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.626640\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2021.626640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.626640","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"article-number":"626640"}}