{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:43:45Z","timestamp":1760647425099,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mechanical trauma can (MT) cause secondary injury, such as cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction has been reported. However, the effects of mechanical trauma on gastrointestinal tract is unclear. This study aims to observe the main location and time of gastrointestinal tract injury caused by non-directional trauma and explain the reason of the increase of LPS in blood caused by mechanical injury. Morphological changes in the stomach, ileum and cecum at different time points after MT were observed in this experiment. The results reveal that the injury to the cecal mucosa in the rats was more obvious than that in the ileum and the stomach. The cecal epithelial cell junction was significantly widened at 20 min after MT, and the plasma LPS and D-lactic acid concentrations increased significantly at the same time point. In addition, some bacterial structures in the widened intercellular space and near the capillary wall of the cecal mucosa were detected at 12 h after MT. This finding suggests that the main reason for the increase in LPS in plasma after MT is cecal mucosal injury. This study is important for the early intervention of the gastrointestinal tract to prevent secondary injury after MT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.649554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T05:34:07Z","timestamp":1618464847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Non-directional Mechanical Trauma on Gastrointestinal Tract Injury in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lihong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lianpu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanzhou","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deqin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuzhuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2010.00999","article-title":"Evaluation of the chicory inulin efficacy on ameliorating the intestinal morphology and modulating the intestinal electrophysiological properties in broiler chickens.","volume":"95","author":"Awad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1080\/10520295.2019.1586999","article-title":"Cardioprotective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on cardiac contusion following blunt chest trauma in rats.","volume":"94","author":"Bicakci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotech. Histochem."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507x.20140022","article-title":"Sepsis in intensive care unit patients with traumatic brain injury: factors associated with higher mortality.","volume":"26","author":"Cardozo J\u00fanior","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ter. Intensiva"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00112","article-title":"Glycolysis and the significance of lactate in traumatic brain injury.","volume":"9","author":"Carpenter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12073","article-title":"Decreased abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the gut microbiota of Crohn\u2019s disease.","volume":"28","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.06.006","article-title":"A new role for intestinal alkaline phosphatase in gut barrier maintenance.","volume":"135","author":"Geddes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933916000180","article-title":"Impact of luminal and systemic endotoxin exposure on gut function, immune response and performance of chickens.","volume":"1","author":"Ghareeb","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Poultry Sci. J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2011.41","article-title":"Increases in mortality, length of stay, and cost associated with hospital-acquired infections in trauma patients.","volume":"146","author":"Glance","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i17.2127","article-title":"Stress-induced intestinal necrosis resulting from severe trauma of an earthquake.","volume":"18","author":"Gong","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480006600312","article-title":"Traumatic shock alias posttrauma critical illness.","volume":"66","author":"Hardaway","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41038-016-0059-3","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic value of systems biology research in major traumatic and thermal injury: a review.","volume":"4","author":"Hazeldine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12820","article-title":"Inflammation and post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"73","author":"Hori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132657","article-title":"Regulatory lymphocytes and intestinal inflammation.","volume":"27","author":"Izcue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7526-6_3","article-title":"A Lateral Fluid Percussion Injury Model for Studying Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats.","volume":"1717","author":"Katz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2012.07163.x","article-title":"Microbiota and management of inflammatory bowel disease.","volume":"27","author":"Lawrance","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000171535.75484.DF","article-title":"Trauma patient hospital-associated infections: risks and outcomes.","volume":"59","author":"Lazarus","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/57032","article-title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches to Determine Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability.","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1847","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00578.2007","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in mechanic trauma plasma mediates cardiomyocyte apoptosis.","volume":"293","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-007-0108-2","article-title":"TNFalpha-initiated oxidative\/nitrative stress mediates cardiomyocyte apoptosis in traumatic animals.","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0278-4","article-title":"The Role of the Microbiota in Infectious Diseases.","volume":"4","author":"Josie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046291","article-title":"Role of TLR4\/NF-\u03baB in damage to intestinal mucosa barrier function and bacterial translocation in rats exposed to hypoxia.","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B22","article-title":"Mitigation Effect of Proanthocyanidin on Secondary Heart Injury in Rats Caused by Mechanical Trauma.","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.02.047","article-title":"Regulation of homeostasis and inflammation in the intestine.","volume":"140","author":"MacDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10208","article-title":"Intestinal homeostasis and its breakdown in inflammatory bowel disease.","volume":"474","author":"Maloy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.10301","article-title":"A quantitative method of production of experimental trauma without hemorrhage in unanesthetized animals.","volume":"37","author":"Noble","year":"1942","journal-title":"Quart. J. Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3531-0","article-title":"\u201cSurviving Sepsis in the Intensive Care Unit: The Challenge of Antimicrobial Resistance and the Trauma Patient.\u201d.","volume":"41","author":"Ramsamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"58","article-title":"Changes of plasma D(-)-lactate, diamine oxidase and endotoxin in patients with liver cirrhosis.","volume":"3","author":"Ruan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatobil. Pancreat Dis. Int."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214101","article-title":"The Use of Public Health Indicators to Assess Individual Happiness in Post-Disaster Recovery.","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H2811","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01252.2004","article-title":"Mechanical traumatic injury without circulatory shock causes cardiomyocyte apoptosis: role of reactive nitrogen and reactive oxygen species.","volume":"288","author":"Tao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6111","article-title":"Multiple organ failure after trauma affects even long-term survival and functional status.","volume":"11","author":"Atle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000879","article-title":"The role of intestinal microbiota in the development and severity of chemotherapy-induced mucositis.","volume":"6","author":"Van Vliet","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-00961-z","article-title":"\u201cTraumatic brain injury and resultant pituitary dysfunction: insights from experimental animal models.\u201d.","volume":"22","author":"Vennekens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12201","article-title":"Intestinal dysbacteriosis contributes to decreased intestinal mucosal barrier function and increased bacterial translocation.","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-3872(13)60029-6","article-title":"Ethyl Pyruvate Prevents Inflammatory Factors Release and Decreases Intestinal Permeability in Rats With D-galactosamine-induced Acute Liver Failure.","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatobil. Pancreat Dis. Int."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02272-5","article-title":"An engineering probiotic producing defensin-5 ameliorating dextran sodium sulfate-induced mice colitis via Inhibiting NF-kB pathway.","volume":"18","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.649554\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T09:35:33Z","timestamp":1671874533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.649554\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2021.649554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.649554","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-042X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"article-number":"649554"}}