{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T08:33:04Z","timestamp":1774686784011,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> We evaluated substrate utilization during submaximal exercise, together with glycemic responses and hormonal counter-regulation to exercise, in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Twelve pre-pubescent children with T1DM and 12 healthy children were matched by sex and age. Participants completed a submaximal incremental exercise test to determine their fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates by indirect calorimetry. Levels of glycemia, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and insulin were monitored until 120 min post-exercise.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Absolute peak oxygen uptake (VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> peak) was significantly lower in the children with T1DM than in the healthy controls (1131.4 \u00b1 102.5 vs. 1383.0 \u00b1 316.6 ml.min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03). Overall carbohydrate and lipid oxidation rates were the same in the two groups, but for exercise intensities, higher than 50% of VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> peak, fat oxidation rate was significantly lower in the children with T1DM. The absolute maximal lipid oxidation rate was significantly lower in the T1DM children (158.1 \u00b1 31.6 vs. 205.4 \u00b1 42.1 mg.min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.005), and they reached a significantly lower exercise power than the healthy controls (26.4 \u00b1 1.2 vs. 35.4 \u00b1 3.3 W, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03). Blood glucose responses to exercise were negatively correlated with pre-exercise blood glucose concentrations (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.67; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Metabolic and hormonal responses during sub-maximal exercise are impaired in young children with T1DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.664211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T07:03:28Z","timestamp":1617951808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Maximal Fat Oxidation During Exercise Is Already Impaired in Pre-pubescent Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Solenne","family":"Fel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Rochette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Walther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Echaubard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Merlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Terral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Duch\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200201000-00015","article-title":"Determination of the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation","volume":"34","author":"Achten","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. 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