{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T21:36:41Z","timestamp":1772228201252,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007465","name":"Universitetet i Troms\u00f8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013232","name":"Stiftelsen Norsk Luftambulanse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007137","name":"Helse Nord RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cardiovascular dysfunction is a potentially lethal complication of hypothermia. Due to a knowledge gap, pharmacological interventions are not recommended at core temperatures below 30\u00b0C. Yet, further cooling is induced in surgical procedures and survival of accidental hypothermia is reported after rewarming from below 15\u00b0C, advocating a need for evidence-based treatment guidelines. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> studies have proposed vasodilation and afterload reduction through arteriole smooth muscle cGMP-elevation as a favorable strategy to prevent cardiovascular dysfunction in hypothermia. Further development of treatment guidelines demand information about temperature-dependent changes in pharmacological effects of clinically relevant vasodilators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human phosphodiesterase-enzymes and inverted erythrocytes were utilized to evaluate how vasodilators sildenafil and vardenafil affected cellular efflux and enzymatic breakdown of cAMP and cGMP, at 37\u00b0C, 34\u00b0C, 32\u00b0C, 28\u00b0C, 24\u00b0C, and 20\u00b0C. The ability of both drugs to reach their cytosolic site of action was assessed at the same temperatures. IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>- and K<jats:sub><jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>-values were calculated from dose\u2013response curves at all temperatures, to evaluate temperature-dependent effects of both drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both drugs were able to reach the intracellular space at all hypothermic temperatures, with no reduction compared to normothermia. Sildenafil IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> and K<jats:sub><jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>-values increased during hypothermia for enzymatic breakdown of both cAMP (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>: 122 \u00b1 18.9 \u03bcM at 37\u00b0C vs. 269 \u00b1 14.7 \u03bcM at 20\u00b0C, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) and cGMP (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>: 0.009 \u00b1 0.000 \u03bcM at 37\u00b0C vs. 0.024 \u00b1 0.004 \u03bcM at 32\u00b0C, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), while no significant changes were detected for vardenafil. Neither of the drugs showed significant hypothermia-induced changes in IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> and K<jats:sub><jats:italic>i\u2013<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>values for inhibition of cellular cAMP and cGMP efflux.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sildenafil and particularly vardenafil were ableto inhibit elimination of cGMP down to 20\u00b0C. As the cellular effects of these drugs can cause afterload reduction, they show potential in treating cardiovascular dysfunction during hypothermia. As in normothermia, both drugs showed higher selectivity for inhibition of cGMP-elimination than cAMP-elimination at low core temperatures, indicating that risk for cardiotoxic side effects is not increased by hypothermia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.695779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T07:48:13Z","timestamp":1627631293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Treatment of Cardiovascular Dysfunction With PDE5-Inhibitors \u2013 Temperature Dependent Effects on Transport and Metabolism of cAMP and cGMP"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anders L.","family":"Selli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrina K.","family":"Kuzmiszyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Smaglyukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timofei V.","family":"Kondratiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ole-Martin","family":"Fuskev\u00e5g","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy A.","family":"Lys\u00e5","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aina W.","family":"Ravna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torkjel","family":"Tveita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Sager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik S.","family":"Dietrichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/s1734-1140(10)70303-0","article-title":"Regulation of cAMP by phosphodiesterases in erythrocytes.","volume":"62","author":"Adderley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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