{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T19:46:42Z","timestamp":1778960802183,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), lack of dystrophin increases the permeability of myofiber plasma membranes to ions and larger macromolecules, disrupting calcium signaling and leading to progressive muscle wasting. Although the biological origin and meaning are unclear, alterations of phosphatidylcholine (PC) are reported in affected skeletal muscles of patients with DMD that may include higher levels of fatty acid (FA) 18:1 chains and lower levels of FA 18:2 chains, possibly reflected in relatively high levels of PC 34:1 (with 16:0_18:1 chain sets) and low levels of PC 34:2 (with 16:0_18:2 chain sets). Similar PC alterations have been reported to occur in the<jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>mouse model of DMD. However, altered ratios of PC 34:1 to PC 34:2 have been variably reported, and we also observed that PC 34:2 levels were nearly equally elevated as PC 34:1 in the affected<jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>muscles. We hypothesized that experimental factors that often varied between studies; including muscle types sampled, mouse ages, and mouse diets; may strongly impact the PC alterations detected in dystrophic muscle of<jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>mice, especially the PC 34:1 to PC 34:2 ratios. In order to test our hypothesis, we performed comprehensive lipidomic analyses of PC and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in several muscles (extensor digitorum longus, gastrocnemius, and soleus) and determined the<jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>-specific alterations. The alterations in PC 34:1 and PC 34:2 were closely monitored from the neonate period to the adult, and also in mice raised on several diets that varied in their fats. PC 34:1 was naturally high in neonate\u2019s muscle and decreased until age \u223c3-weeks (disease onset age), and thereafter remained low in WT muscles but was higher in regenerated<jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>muscles. Among the muscle types, soleus showed a distinctive phospholipid pattern with early and diminished<jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>alterations. Diet was a major factor to impact PC 34:1\/PC 34:2 ratios because<jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>-specific alterations of PC 34:2 but not PC 34:1 were strictly dependent on diet. Our study identifies high PC 34:1 as a consistent biochemical feature of regenerated<jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>-muscle and indicates nutritional approaches are also effective to modify the phospholipid compositions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.698166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T16:37:11Z","timestamp":1642005431000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Lipidomic Analyses Reveal Specific Alterations of Phosphatidylcholine in Dystrophic Mdx Muscle"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"William J.","family":"Valentine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherif A.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzumi M.","family":"Tokuoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumie","family":"Hamano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natsuko F.","family":"Inagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel Z.","family":"Nordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Motohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Kita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshitsugu","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideo","family":"Shindou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/ng880","article-title":"AGPAT2 is mutated in congenital generalized lipodystrophy linked to chromosome 9q34.","volume":"31","author":"Agarwal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. 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