{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T01:07:43Z","timestamp":1788311263884,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study compared changes in oxygen uptake (VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLa), affective valence, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) between sessions of high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) performed on the arm (ACE) and leg cycle ergometer (LCE). Twenty three active and non-obese men and women (age and BMI=24.7\u00b15.8year and 24.8\u00b13.4kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) initially underwent graded exercise testing to determine VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>max and peak power output (PPO) on both ergometers. Subsequently on two separate days, they performed 10 1min intervals of ACE or LCE at 75 %PPO separated by 1min of active recovery at 10 %PPO. Gas exchange data, HR, and perceptual responses were obtained continuously and blood samples were acquired pre- and post-exercise to assess the change in BLa. VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>max and PPO on the LCE were significantly higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001) than ACE (37.2\u00b16.3 vs. 26.3\u00b16.6ml\/kg\/min and 259.0\u00b148.0 vs. 120.0\u00b148.1W). Mean VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (1.7\u00b10.3 vs. 1.1\u00b10.3L\/min, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>=2.3) and HR (149\u00b114 vs. 131\u00b117 b\/min, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>=2.1) were higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001) in response to LCE vs. ACE as was BLa (7.6\u00b12.6 vs. 5.3\u00b12.5mM, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>=2.3), yet there was no difference (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.12) in peak VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> or HR. Leg cycling elicited higher relative HR compared to ACE (81\u00b15 vs. 75\u00b17 %HRmax, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.01), although, there was no difference in relative VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (63\u00b16 vs. 60\u00b18 %VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>max, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.09) between modes. Affective valence was lower during LCE vs. ACE (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.003), although no differences in enjoyment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.68) or RPE (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.59) were demonstrated. Overall, HIIE performed on the cycle ergometer elicits higher relative heart rate and blood lactate concentration and a more aversive affective valence, making these modes not interchangeable in terms of the acute physiological and perceptual response to interval based exercise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.700294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T09:02:49Z","timestamp":1629277369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Differences in Physiological and Perceptual Responses to High Intensity Interval Exercise Between Arm and Leg Cycling"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Todd A.","family":"Astorino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Emma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001099","article-title":"High-intensity interval training increases cardiac output and VO2max","volume":"45","author":"Astorino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2672-1","article-title":"Magnitude and time course of changes in maximal oxygen uptake in response to distinct regimens of chronic interval training in sedentary women","volume":"113","author":"Astorino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.02.005","article-title":"Does sex mediate the affective response to high intensity interval exercise?","volume":"197","author":"Astorino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.08.017","article-title":"Predictors of change in affect in response to high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and sprint interval exercise (SIE)","volume":"196","author":"Astorino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1104588","article-title":"Supramaximal testing to confirm attainment of VO2max in sedentary men and women","volume":"32","author":"Astorino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540030039029","article-title":"Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women","volume":"276","author":"Blair","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31820f960f","article-title":"Effect of aerobic high-intensity hybrid training on stroke volume and peak oxygen consumption in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"90","author":"Brurok","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amer. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0029-x","article-title":"High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: part I: cardiopulmonary emphasis","volume":"43","author":"Buchheit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref10","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.19.2081","article-title":"Effects of different doses of physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness among sedentary, overweight or obese postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure","volume":"297","author":"Church","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.1134312","article-title":"Rating of perceived exertion as a tool for prescribing and self regulating interval training: a pilot study","volume":"32","author":"Ciolac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199708000-00004","article-title":"Naturally occurring muscle pain during exercise: assessment and experimental evidence","volume":"29","author":"Cook","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0944-y","article-title":"Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on blood pressure in adults with pre- to established hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"48","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.12.012","article-title":"Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation","volume":"17","author":"Egan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1972.33.3.312","article-title":"Enzyme activity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of untrained and trained men","volume":"33","author":"Gollnick","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-182733","article-title":"The efficacy of a whole body sprint-interval training intervention in an office setting: a feasibility study","volume":"60","author":"Gurd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.11.3.304","article-title":"Not what, but how one feels: the measurement of affect during exercise","volume":"11","author":"Hardy","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"750","article-title":"Sprint interval exercise elicits near maximal peak VO2 during repeated bouts with a rapid recovery within 2 minutes","volume":"54","author":"Hazell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription.","author":"Heyward","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079857","article-title":"Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here?","volume":"299","author":"Hill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02376770","article-title":"Does the amount of exercising muscle alter the metabolic demand of dynamic exercise?","volume":"74","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19780152","article-title":"Generalized equations for predicting body density of men","volume":"40","author":"Jackson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198023000-00009","article-title":"Generalized equations for predicting body density of women","volume":"12","author":"Jackson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11454","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114541","article-title":"Where does HIT fit? An examination of the affective response to high-intensity intervals in comparison to continuous moderate- and continuous vigorous-intensity exercise in the exercise intensity-affect continuum","volume":"9","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.13.1.50","article-title":"Physical activity enjoyment scale: two validation studies","volume":"13","author":"Kendzierski","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.681","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis","volume":"301","author":"Kodama","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-2917-7","article-title":"Low-volume, high-intensity, aerobic interval exercise for sedentary adults: VO2max, cardiac mass, and heart rate recovery","volume":"114","author":"Matsuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Time at or near VO2max during continuous and intermittent running. A review with special reference to considerations for the optimisation of training protocols to elicit the longest time at or near VO2max","volume":"46","author":"Midgley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0365-0","article-title":"Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIT) and continuous endurance training for VO2max improvements: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Milanovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1263-1034","article-title":"Acute physiological responses to four running sessions performed at different intensity zones","volume":"42","author":"Nuuttila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0197124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197124","article-title":"Affective and enjoyment responses in high intensity interval training and continuous training: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002154","article-title":"Comparison of acute physiological and psychological responses between moderate intensity continuous exercise and three regimes of high intensity training","volume":"32","author":"Olney","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.070144","article-title":"The role of perceived personal barriers to engagement in leisure-time physical activity","volume":"97","author":"Reichert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"175","article-title":"Physiology of upper body exercise","volume":"14","author":"Sawka","year":"1989","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.1.31","article-title":"Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition and measures of central obesity","volume":"164","author":"Slentz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2017.1326011","article-title":"A scoping review of the psychological responses to interval exercise: is interval exercise a viable alternative to traditional exercise?","volume":"11","author":"Stork","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0166299","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166299","article-title":"High-intensity interval training elicits higher enjoyment than moderate intensity continuous exercise","volume":"12","author":"Thum","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200212000-00020","article-title":"Correlates of adults\u2019 participation in physical activity: review and update","volume":"30","author":"Trost","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092576","article-title":"High-intensity interval training in patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Weston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12532","article-title":"The effects of high-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Wewege","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2007.04.002","article-title":"Acute affective responses to a moderate-intensity exercise stimulus predicts physical activity participation 6 and 12 months later","volume":"9","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001042","article-title":"Dissimilar physiological and perceptual responses between sprint interval training and high-intensity interval training","volume":"30","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00426","article-title":"The physiological mechanisms of performance enhancement with sprint interval training differ between the upper and lower extremities in humans","volume":"7","author":"Zinner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.700294\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T09:02:59Z","timestamp":1629277379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.700294\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2021.700294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.700294","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"article-number":"700294"}}