{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:09:59Z","timestamp":1786666199473,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>By virtue of their regulatory role in various metabolic and biosynthetic pathways for energy status and cellular integrity, both hydro-soluble and lipo-soluble vitamins are considered to be involved in maintaining cardiovascular function in health and disease. Deficiency of some vitamins such as vitamin A, B<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>, folic acid, C, D, and E has been shown to be associated with cardiovascular abnormalities whereas supplementation with these vitamins has been claimed to reduce cardiovascular risk for hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, and heart failure. However, the data from several experimental and clinical studies for the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease due to vitamin deficiency as well as therapy due to different vitamins are conflicting. In this article, we have attempted to review the existing literature on the role of different vitamins in cardiovascular disease with respect to their deficiency and supplementation in addition to examining some issues regarding their involvement in heart disease. Although both epidemiological and observational studies have shown some merit in the use of different antioxidant vitamins for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, the results are not conclusive. Furthermore, in view of the complexities in the mechanisms of different cardiovascular disorders, no apparent involvement of any particular vitamin was seen in any specific cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, we have reviewed the evidence that deficiency of vitamin B<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub> promoted KCl-induced Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> entry and reduced ATP-induced Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-entry in cardiomyocytes in addition to decreasing sarcolemmal (SL) ATP binding. The active metabolite of vitamin B<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>, pyridoxal 5\u2032-phosphate, attenuated arrhythmias due to myocardial infarction (MI) as well as cardiac dysfunction and defects in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-transport in the ischemic-reperfused hearts. These observations indicate that both deficiency of some vitamins as well as pretreatments with different vitamins showing antioxidant activity affect cardiac function, metabolism and cation transport, and support the view that antioxidant vitamins or their metabolites may be involved in the prevention rather than the therapy of cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.729255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T14:27:36Z","timestamp":1633876056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Effectiveness of Some Vitamins in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anureet K.","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naranjan S.","family":"Dhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124200","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias.","volume":"21","author":"Adameova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248410390214","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency associated with heart failure? A review of current evidence.","volume":"16","author":"Agarwal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B3","author":"Alpers","year":"1983","journal-title":"Manual of Nutritional Therapeutics."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2018.v11i8.27772","article-title":"Comparative study of levels of selective oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, zinc, and antioxidant vitamins A, E, and C) in ischemic and non-ischemic heart disease patients suffering from type-2 diabetes.","volume":"11","author":"Altoum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-003-2417-8","article-title":"Oxidative stress, antioxidant vitamins, and atherosclerosis. From basic research to clinical practice.","volume":"28","author":"Antoniades","year":"2003","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533612444539","article-title":"The role of B vitamins in the management of heart failure.","volume":"27","author":"Azizi-Namini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/jimd.12058","article-title":"Disorders of riboflavin metabolism.","volume":"42","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.045","article-title":"Natural and synthetic antioxidants targeting cardiac oxidative stress and redox signaling in cardiometabolic diseases.","volume":"169","author":"Bartekova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"78","article-title":"Vitamin D and heart disease.","volume":"66","author":"Bilagi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.4.880","article-title":"Vitamin-mineral supplementation and the progression of atherosclerosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"84","author":"Bleys","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009781","article-title":"Relation of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy food intake to ischemic heart disease mortality among postmenopausal women.","volume":"149","author":"Bostick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-017-0355-7","article-title":"Vitamin D and heart failure.","volume":"14","author":"Brinkley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Heart. Fail. Rep."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"249","article-title":"Protective effect of pyridoxal-5\u2032-phosphate (MC-1) on perioperative myocardial infarction is independent of aortic cross clamp time: results from the MEND-CABG trial.","volume":"49","author":"Carrier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1996.10718578","article-title":"A prospective study of folate and vitamin B6 and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians.","volume":"15","author":"Chasan-Taber","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.0000039962.68332.59","article-title":"Serum antioxidant vitamins and blood pressure in the United States population.","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(91)90174-2","article-title":"Vitamin E and oxidative stress.","volume":"11","author":"Chow","year":"1991","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-018-0183-6","article-title":"Attenuation of atherogenic apo B-48-dependent hyperlipidemia and high density lipoprotein remodeling induced by vitamin C and E combination and their beneficial effect on lethal ischemic heart disease in mice.","volume":"51","author":"Contreras-Duarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041132","article-title":"The effects of long-term, low- and high-dose beta-carotene treatment in zucker diabetic fatty rats: the role of HO-1.","volume":"19","author":"Csepanyi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4760","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5114760","article-title":"Folate deficiency and folic acid supplementation: the prevention of neural-tube defects and congenital heart defects.","volume":"5","author":"Czeizel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-76-9-837","article-title":"Alterations of KCI- and ATP-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in cardiomyocytes from vitamin B6 deficient rats.","volume":"76","author":"Dakshinamurti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2019.05.004","article-title":"Vitamin C for type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension.","volume":"50","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4137\/NMI.S39764","article-title":"Liposomal-encapsulated ascorbic acid: influence on vitamin C bioavailability and capacity to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury.","volume":"9","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Insig."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.12.025","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular health.","volume":"40","author":"de la Guia-Galipienso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00120492","article-title":"Mechanisms of alterations in cardiac membrane Ca2+ transport due to excess catecholamines.","volume":"10","author":"Dhalla","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs. Ther."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(00)00078-X","article-title":"Status of myocardial antioxidants in ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury.","volume":"47","author":"Dhalla","year":"","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"B26","article-title":"Treatment of cardiovascular and related pathologies.","volume":"6","author":"Dhalla","year":"","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"1202","article-title":"Biochemical alterations in the skeletal muscle of vitamin E deficient rats.","volume":"49","author":"Dhalla","year":"1971","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2012-0553","article-title":"Mechanisms of the beneficial effects of vitamin B6 and pyridoxal 5-phosphate on cardiac performance in ischemic heart disease.","volume":"51","author":"Dhalla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020615","article-title":"Vitamin C-sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, use, toxicity, and determination.","volume":"13","author":"Dosedel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/47.4.583","article-title":"Tri-o-cresyl phosphate as a vitamin E antagonist for the rat and lamb.","volume":"47","author":"Draper","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"208","article-title":"Prevention of myocardial infarction by vitamin B6.","volume":"89","author":"Ellis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2018.06.013","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency and cardiovascular science.","volume":"28","author":"Eshak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-017-0597-z","article-title":"Cardiac tissue oxidative stress and inflammation after vitamin D administrations in high fat- diet induced obese rats.","volume":"17","author":"Farhangi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc. Disord."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"20","article-title":"Deficiency states, pharmacological effects, and nutrient requirements","author":"Farrell","year":"1980","journal-title":"Vitamin E: a Comprehensive Treatise, Basic and Clinical Nutrition."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1139\/y71-126","article-title":"Biochemical basis heart function. IV. Energy metabolism and calcium transport in hearts of vitamin E deficient rats.","volume":"49","author":"Fedelesova","year":"1971","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B36","author":"Feingold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Triglyceride Lowering Drugs."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/s0083-6729(08)60768-2","article-title":"Experimental anemia in primates due to vitamin E deficiency.","volume":"26","author":"Fitch","year":"1968","journal-title":"Vitam Horm."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.6.992","article-title":"Low plasma vitamin B-6 concentrations and modulation of coronary artery disease risk.","volume":"79","author":"Friso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6994.1563","article-title":"Vitamin C and risk of death from stroke and coronary heart disease in cohort of elderly people.","volume":"310","author":"Gale","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091100209","article-title":"Studies on the heart of vitamin E deficient rabbits.","volume":"110","author":"Gatz","year":"1951","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170321094711","article-title":"Vitamins in heart failure: friend or enemy?","volume":"23","author":"Georgiopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2016.07.007","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency changes the intestinal microbiome reducing B vitamin production in the gut. The resulting lack of pantothenic acid adversely affects the immune system, producing a \u201cpro-inflammatory\u201d state associated with atherosclerosis and autoimmunity.","volume":"94","author":"Gominak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Hypoth."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2010.543920","article-title":"Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction: therapeutic implications.","volume":"43","author":"Gori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2010.06.013","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.","volume":"51","author":"Grandi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"B45","first-page":"351","article-title":"Studies on the components of the adenylic system in skeletal and cardiac muscles in experimental muscular dystrophy (Russian text).","volume":"31","author":"Grigoreva","year":"1959","journal-title":"Ukr. Biokhim, Zh."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1949.tb55278.x","article-title":"The relation of vitamin E to reproduction in dairy cattle.","volume":"52","author":"Gullickson","year":"1949","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1126\/science.104.2701.312","article-title":"Cardiac failure in cattle on vitamin E-free rations as revealed by electrocardiograms.","volume":"104","author":"Gullickson","year":"1946","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-006-0046-4","article-title":"Homocysteine: role and implications in atherosclerosis.","volume":"8","author":"Guthikonda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/s1043-6618(02)00095-6","article-title":"Folic acid and vitamin B(12) supplementation attenuates isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in experimental hyperhomocysteinemic rats.","volume":"46","author":"Hagar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022130217463","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia, vascular function and atherosclerosis: effects of vitamins.","volume":"16","author":"Haynes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1996.10718573","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine, folate, vitamin B6 and coronary artery diseases risk.","volume":"15","author":"Herzlich","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2018.72.94-98","article-title":"Potential anti-inflammatory treatment of ischemic heart disease.","volume":"72","author":"Hodzic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Arch."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-020-1270-1","article-title":"Supplemental vitamins and minerals for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment.","volume":"22","author":"Ingles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"141","article-title":"Nutritional supplement, minerals and vitamin products","author":"Ivey","year":"1979","journal-title":"Handbook of Non-Prescription Drugs"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S167024","article-title":"The association between the serum level of vitamin D and ischemic heart disease: a study from Jordan.","volume":"14","author":"Jarrah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and risk for cardiovascular disease.","volume":"338","author":"Judd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.14.11.1435","article-title":"MC-1 (pyridoxal 5\u2032-phosphate): novel therapeutic applications to reduce ischaemic injury.","volume":"14","author":"Kandzari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Ivestig. Drugs"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9149(03)00818-x","article-title":"Reduction of myocardial ischemic injury following coronary intervention (the MC-1 to eliminate necrosis and damage trial).","volume":"92","author":"Kandzari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2003.09.012","article-title":"Effect of vitamin B6 on oxygen radicals, mitochondrial membrane potential, and lipid peroxidation in H2O2-treated U937 monocytes.","volume":"36","author":"Kannan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2009.05.011","article-title":"B-vitamin deficiency in hospitalized patients with heart failure.","volume":"109","author":"Keith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1990","article-title":"Vitamin E \u2013 the next 100 years.","volume":"71","author":"Khadangi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-018-0094-4","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a narrative review.","volume":"24","author":"Kheiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000038339.67450.60","article-title":"Lack of long-term effect of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure.","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1508","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts.","volume":"80","author":"Knekt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(89)90890-4","article-title":"Low vitamin B6 status in patients with acute myocardial infarction.","volume":"63","author":"Kok","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v5.i9.337","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular disease.","volume":"5","author":"Ku","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199605023341803","article-title":"Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women.","volume":"334","author":"Kushi","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199603000-00013","article-title":"The effect of vitamin B6 on the systolic blood pressure of rats in various animal models of hypertension.","volume":"14","author":"Lal","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186483","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease, with emphasis on hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure.","volume":"21","author":"Latic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010099","article-title":"Potential beneficial effects of vitamin D in coronary artery disease.","volume":"12","author":"Legarth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203720666190807130504","article-title":"Vitamin D and vitamin D receptor: new insights in the treatment of hypertension.","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-018-4823-4","article-title":"Supplementation of folic acid in pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension: a meta-analysis.","volume":"298","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2017.03.011","article-title":"Effect of B vitamins from diet on hypertension.","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz314","article-title":"Circulating folate concentrations and risk of coronary artery disease: a prospective cohort study in Chinese adults and a Mendelian randomization analysis.","volume":"111","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B75","first-page":"367","article-title":"Phosphorus metabolism of the musculature of E-deficient suckling rats.","volume":"133","author":"Lu","year":"1941","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190722101954","article-title":"Association between vitamins and minerals with antioxidant effects and coronary artery calcification in adults and older adults: a systematic review.","volume":"25","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-84-20655","article-title":"Vitamin E activity of alpha-tocopherylhydroquinone and muscular dystrophy.","volume":"84","author":"MacKenzie","year":"1953","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-30-6967","article-title":"Possible relationship between cod liver oil and muscular degeneration of herbivora fed synthetic diets.","volume":"30","author":"Madsen","year":"1933","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2012.666650","article-title":"Oxidative stress and cardiac hypertrophy: a review.","volume":"22","author":"Maulik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-12-201112200-00004","article-title":"New insights about the vitamin D and cardiovascular disease.","volume":"155","author":"McGreevy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00595.2006","article-title":"Effect of hyperoxia and vitamin C on coronary blood flow in patients with ischemic heart disease.","volume":"102","author":"McNulty","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.01.002","article-title":"A randomized, double-mind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of MC-1 in patients undergoing high-risk coronary artery bypass graft surgery: mC-1 eliminate necrosis and damage in coronary artery bypass graft surgery trial (MEND-CABG) II\u2013study design and rationale.","volume":"155","author":"Mehta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.11.047","article-title":"Folic acid reverses endothelial dysfunction induced by inhibition of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis.","volume":"530","author":"Moat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081328","article-title":"Vitamin C and heart health: a review based on findings from epidemiologic studies.","volume":"17","author":"Moser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/109275","article-title":"Links between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular diseases.","volume":"2015","author":"Mozos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Intl."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1954.179.2.246","article-title":"Phosphate and glycogen determination in the hearts of vitamin E deficient rabbits.","volume":"196","author":"Mulder","year":"1954","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(78)90004-7","article-title":"The effect of pyridoxine on lysyl oxidase activity in the chick.","volume":"28","author":"Murray","year":"1978","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.053","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: from atherosclerosis to myocardial infarction and stroke.","volume":"230","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f10","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.","volume":"346","author":"Myung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"B90","first-page":"298","article-title":"Antioxidative vitamins in prevention of ischemia\/reperfusion injury.","volume":"67","author":"Nagel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Res."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2003.10719320","article-title":"Vitamin C intake and risk of ischemic heart disease in a population with a high prevalence of smoking.","volume":"22","author":"Nam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Null"},{"key":"B92","year":"1989","journal-title":"Diet and Health: implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.29.6.691","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease.","volume":"29","author":"Nemerovski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2174\/15701611113119990003","article-title":"Cardiac oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines response after myocardial infarction.","volume":"13","author":"Neri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7081.634","article-title":"Vitamin C deficiency and risk of myocardial infarction: prospective population study of men from eastern Finland.","volume":"314","author":"NyyssOnen","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.48.1.179","article-title":"Vitamin E and its relation to heart disease.","volume":"48","author":"Olson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-1097(03)00575-8","article-title":"Vitamin C and risk of coronary heart disease in women.","volume":"42","author":"Osganian","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(67)80416-5","article-title":"Vitamin E deficiency: a previously unrecognized cause for hemolytic anemia in the premature infant.","volume":"70","author":"Oski","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B99","first-page":"115","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamins in atherosclerosis\u2013animal experiments and clinical studies.","volume":"21","author":"Ozkanlar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/s0891-5849(98)00266-4","article-title":"Antioxidant potential of vitamin A and carotenoids and their relevance to heart disease.","volume":"26","author":"Palace","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.4.1372","article-title":"Low-density lipoprotein undergoes oxidative modification in vivo.","volume":"86","author":"Palinski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(00)00244-2","article-title":"Effects of vitamin E on clinic and ambulatory blood pressure in treated hypertensive patients.","volume":"13","author":"Palumbo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.4.940","article-title":"Plasma homocyst(e)ine, folate, and vitamin B-12 concentrations and risk for early-onset coronary artery disease.","volume":"59","author":"Pancharuniti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.11.4.387","article-title":"Sympathetic stimulation and hypertension in pyridoxine-deficient adult rat.","volume":"11","author":"Paulose","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.02.009","article-title":"Is vitamin B12 deficiency a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in vegetarians?","volume":"48","author":"Pawlak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.11.036","article-title":"Effects of atorvastatin on vitamin D levels in patients with acute ischemic heart disease.","volume":"99","author":"Perez-Castrillon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.05.007","article-title":"Plasma vitamin C predicts incident heart failure in men and women in European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition-norfolk prospective study.","volume":"162","author":"Pfister","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2011.26","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and heart disease.","volume":"1","author":"Pilz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Inter. Suppl."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510002308","article-title":"Comparison of purple carrot juice and \u03b2-carotene in a high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rat model of the metabolic sydrome.","volume":"104","author":"Poudyal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.6.1352","article-title":"Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health.","volume":"77","author":"Powers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.4065\/76.11.1131","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation in the prevention of coronary heart disease.","volume":"76","author":"Pruthi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/s0891-5849(99)00224-5","article-title":"Vitamin E and heart disease: basic science to clinical intervention trials.","volume":"28","author":"Pryor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.03.016","article-title":"Critical review of nutrition, blood pressure and risk of hypertension through the lifecycle: do B vitamins play a role?","volume":"173","author":"Psara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-010-0119-6","article-title":"Is a low blood level of vitamin B12 a cardiovascular and diabetes risk factor? A systematic review of cohort studies.","volume":"50","author":"Rafnsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.040","article-title":"Oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy: from molecular mechanism to novel therapeutic targets.","volume":"166","author":"Ramachandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1959.196.6.1286","article-title":"Effect of vitamin E deficiency on creatine phosphokinase of heart and skeletal muscle.","volume":"196","author":"Read","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305203282004","article-title":"Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men.","volume":"328","author":"Rimm","year":"1993","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B118","first-page":"481","article-title":"Arteriosclerotic lesions in pyridoxine deficient monkeys.","volume":"25","author":"Rinehart","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908056","article-title":"Vitamins C and E to prevent complications of pregnancy-associated hypertension.","volume":"362","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.97.5.437","article-title":"Low circulating folate and vitamin B6 concentrations: risk factors for stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary artery disease. European COMAC Group.","volume":"97","author":"Robinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070343","article-title":"Decrease in oxidative stress through supplementation of vitamins C and E is associated with a reduction in blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension.","volume":"114","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.04.043","article-title":"Use of vitamins C and E as a prophylactic therapy to prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation.","volume":"138","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00837","article-title":"Clinical advances in immunonutrition and atherosclerosis: a review.","volume":"10","author":"Ruiz-Le\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00752.x","article-title":"Antioxidant supplementation in atherosclerosis prevention (ASAP) study: a randomized trial of the effect of vitamins E and C on 3-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis.","volume":"248","author":"Salonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e31819cdc9a","article-title":"Vitamin E and Cardiovascular disease.","volume":"17","author":"Saremi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(85)90113-3","article-title":"Plasma pyridoxal-5-phosphate level as risk index for coronary artery disease.","volume":"55","author":"Serfontein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248409333855","article-title":"Modification of epinephrine-induced arrhythmias by N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine and vitamin E.","volume":"14","author":"Sethi","year":"","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-009-9051-5","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic effects of some antioxidant vitamins in rats injected with epinephrine.","volume":"9","author":"Sethi","year":"","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/107424840000500107","article-title":"Beneficial effects of vitamin E treatment in acute myocardial infarction.","volume":"5","author":"Sethi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000145163.56529.D1","article-title":"Effect of simvastatin and antioxidant vitamins on atrial fibrillation promotion by atrial-tachycardia remodeling in dogs.","volume":"110","author":"Shiroshita-Takeshita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132446","article-title":"Vitamin E, oxidative stress, and inflammation.","volume":"25","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000389","article-title":"Vitamin C deficiency, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and cardiac event-free survival in patients with heart failure.","volume":"33","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.12.1313","article-title":"Vitamin E and coronary artery disease.","volume":"159","author":"Spencer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-004-0075-3","article-title":"Clinical use and rational management of homocysteine, folic acid, and B vitamins in cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases.","volume":"93","author":"Stanger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Z. Kardiol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw053","article-title":"Role of folic acid in nitric oxide bioavailability and vascular endothelial function.","volume":"75","author":"Stanhewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9020172","article-title":"Vitamin D and its role in the lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis.","volume":"9","author":"Surdu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B137","first-page":"138","article-title":"The role of folic acid in deficiency states and prevention disease.","volume":"44","author":"Swain","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Fam. Pract."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9100997","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency induces elevated oxidative and biomechanical damage in coronary arterioles in male rats.","volume":"9","author":"Sziva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2007.01.049","article-title":"Effects of pyridoxal 5\u2032-phosphate (MC-1) in patients undergoing high-risk coronary artery bypass surgery: results of the MEND-CABG randomized study.","volume":"133","author":"Tardif","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-1097(00)00809-3","article-title":"Effect of folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease.","volume":"36","author":"Title","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B141","first-page":"347","article-title":"Vitamin E","author":"Traber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.61.S170","article-title":"Cardiovascular diseases and fat soluble vitamins: vitamin D and vitamin K.","volume":"61","author":"Tsugawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1320","article-title":"Treating oxidative stress in heart failure: past, present and future.","volume":"21","author":"van der Pol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart. Fail."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90368-j","article-title":"Alterations in brain stem alpha 2 adrenoceptors and acitivty in pryridoxine-deficient rat model of hypertension.","volume":"111","author":"Viswanathan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101292","article-title":"\u03b1-Tocopherol preserves cardiac function by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in ischemia\/reperfusion injury.","volume":"26","author":"Wallert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease.","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092153","article-title":"Circulating Vitamin E levels and risk of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction: a mendelian randomization study.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.1999.0936","article-title":"Pyridoxal 5\u2032-phosphate is an ATP-receptor antagonist in freshly isolated rat cardiomyocytes.","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Moll. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5082969","article-title":"Plasma and dietary antioxidant status as cardiovascular disease risk factors: a review of human studies.","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu059","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular events in patient swith coronary heart disease: data from the heart and soul study.","volume":"179","author":"Welles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09916.x","article-title":"B vitamins and homocysteine in cardiovascular disease and aging.","volume":"854","author":"Wilcken","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi442","article-title":"The effect of micronutrient supplementation on quality-of-life and left ventricular function in elderly patients with chronic heart failure.","volume":"26","author":"Witte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6083259","article-title":"Vegan diet, subnormal vitamin B-12 status and cardiovascular health.","volume":"6","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e3282f11f95","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies.","volume":"15","author":"Ye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114271","article-title":"Evidence for the presence of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein in atherosclerotic lesions of rabbit and man.","volume":"84","author":"Yla-Herttuala","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B156","first-page":"3.1","article-title":"Nonnutrients factors in metabolism","author":"Young","year":"1983","journal-title":"Manual of Clinical Nutrition."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001203420302","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.","volume":"342","author":"Yusuf","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557519666190130164334","article-title":"Molecular understanding of the cardiomodulation in myocardial infarction and the mechanism of vitamin E protections.","volume":"19","author":"Zarkasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-3768","article-title":"Beta carotene protects H9c2 cardiomyocytes from advanced glycation end product-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis and autophagy via the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signaling pathway.","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9100935","article-title":"Cardiovascular and metabolic protection by vitamin E: a matter of treatment strategy?","volume":"9","author":"Ziegler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.001","article-title":"Vitamin D and disease prevention with special reference to cardiovascular disease.","volume":"92","author":"Zittermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328312c33f","article-title":"Vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease.","volume":"11","author":"Zittermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.729255\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T14:27:54Z","timestamp":1633876074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.729255\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"references-count":162,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2021.729255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.729255","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"article-number":"729255"}}