{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:43:16Z","timestamp":1788176596593,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> In addition to the cardiovascular and renal systems, the gastrointestinal tract also contains angiotensin ATR<jats:sub>1a<\/jats:sub>, ATR<jats:sub>1b<\/jats:sub>, and ATR<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. We previously observed that the 2Kidney-1Clip hypertension model elicits physical exercise and gastrointestinal dysmotility, which is prevented by renin-angiotensin system blockers. Here, we investigate the effect of physical exercise on inflammation, stress biomarkers, and angiotensin II receptors in the duodenum of 2K1C rats.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Arterial hypertension was induced by the 2K1C surgical model. The rats were allocated in Sham, 2K1C, or 2K1C+Exercise groups. One week after surgery, they were submitted to a physical exercise protocol (running 5x\/week, 60min\/day). Next, we assessed their intestinal contractility, cytokine levels (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6), oxidative stress levels (MPO, GSH, MDA, and SOD), and the gene expression of angiotensin receptors (ATR<jats:sub>1A<\/jats:sub>, ATR<jats:sub>1B<\/jats:sub>, and ATR<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> In comparison with the Sham group, the 2K1C arterial hypertension decreased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05) the intestinal contractility. In comparison with 2K1C, the 2K1C+Exercise group exhibited lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05) MPO activity (22.04\u00b15.90 vs. 78.95\u00b118.09 UMPO\/mg tissue) and higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05) GSH concentrations in intestinal tissues (67.63\u00b17.85 vs. 31.85\u00b15.90mg NPSH\/mg tissue). The 2K1C+Exercise group showed lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05) cytokine levels in the intestine than 2K1C rats. In comparison with the Sham group, the 2K1C+Exercise rats showed higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05) gene expression of ATR<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in the duodenum.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> 2K-1C hypertension elicits an oxidative stress and inflammation process in the duodenum. Physical exercise modulates the expression twice as much of ATR2 receptors, suggesting possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects induced by exercise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.734038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T14:44:11Z","timestamp":1635518651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Moderate Physical Exercise Activates ATR2 Receptors, Improving Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Duodenum of 2K1C Hypertensive Rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alda C\u00e1ssia Alves","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Soares","family":"Severo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda Lois Barros","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Henrique Moraes","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00edvia Maria Soares","family":"Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Patr\u00edcia","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Cleber Silva","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jand Venes Rolim","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto Cesar","family":"Lima-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Havt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimundo Campos","family":"Palheta-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arm\u00eanio Aguiar","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"Tolentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2010.010082","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases are possible mediators for the development of alimentary tract mucositis in the dark agouti rat","volume":"235","author":"Al-Dasooqi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Experimental biology and medicine,"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i16.2841","article-title":"Oxidative stress, antioxidants and intestinal calcium absorption","volume":"23","author":"Barboza","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. 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