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Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, the effect of long-term exercise training was investigated on myocardial morphological and functional remodeling and on proarrhythmic sensitivity in a rabbit athlete\u2019s heart model. New-Zealand white rabbits were trained during a 12-week long treadmill running protocol and compared with their sedentary controls. At the end of the training protocol, echocardiography, <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> ECG recordings, proarrhythmic sensitivity with dofetilide (nM) were performed in isolated hearts, and action potential duration (APD) measurements at different potassium concentrations (4.5 and 2 mM) were made in the isolated papillary muscles. Expression levels of the slow component of delayed rectifier potassium current and fibrosis synthesis and degradation biomarkers were quantified. Echocardiography showed a significantly dilated left ventricle in the running rabbits. ECG PQ and RR intervals were significantly longer in the exercised group (79 \u00b1 2 vs. 69 \u00b1 2 ms and 325 \u00b1 11 vs. 265 \u00b1 6 ms, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05, respectively). The <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> heart rate variability (HRV) (SD of root mean square: 5.2 \u00b1 1.4 ms vs. 1.4 \u00b1 0.2 ms, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) and Tpeak-Tend variability were higher in the running rabbits. Bradycardia disappeared in the exercised group <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Dofetilide tended to increase the QTc interval in a greater extent, and significantly increased the number of arrhythmic beats in the trained animals <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. APD was longer in the exercised group at a low potassium level. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) showed significantly greater messenger RNA expression of fibrotic biomarkers in the exercised group. Increased repolarization variability and higher arrhythmia incidences, lengthened APD at a low potassium level, increased fibrotic biomarker gene expressions may indicate higher sensitivity of the rabbit \u201cathlete\u2019s heart\u201d to life-threatening arrhythmias.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.741317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T06:57:15Z","timestamp":1644821835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Long-Term Endurance Exercise Training Alters Repolarization in a New Rabbit Athlete\u2019s Heart Model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Kui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Poly\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolett","family":"Morvay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Tiszlavicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"\u00d6rd\u00f6g","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hedvig","family":"Tak\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Lepr\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius Gy.","family":"Papp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Jost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Varr\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Baczk\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila S.","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2005.01587.x","article-title":"Amplification of spatial dispersion of repolarization underlies sudden cardiac death associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic VT, long QT, short QT and Brugada syndromes.","volume":"259","author":"Antzelevitch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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