{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:11:28Z","timestamp":1790784688459,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is well known that the duration of apnea is longer in static than in dynamic conditions, but the impact of exercise intensity on the apnea duration needs to be investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between apnea duration and exercise intensity, and the associated metabolic parameters. Ten healthy active young non-apnea trained (NAT) men participated in this study. During the first visit, they carried out a maximum static apnea (SA) and a maximal progressive cycle exercise to evaluate the power output achieved at peak oxygen uptake (PVO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak). During the second visit, they performed four randomized dynamic apneas (DAs) at 20, 30, 40, and 50% of PVO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak (P20, P30, P40, and P50) preceded by 4 min of exercise without apnea. Duration of apnea, heart rate (HR), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), blood lactate concentration [La], rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and subjective feeling were recorded. Apnea duration was significantly higher during SA (68.1 \u00b1 23.6 s) compared with DA. Apnea duration at P20 (35.6 \u00b1 11.7 s) was higher compared with P30 (25.6 \u00b1 6.3 s), P40 (19.2 \u00b1 6.7 s), and P50 (16.9 \u00b1 2.5 s). The relationship between apnea duration and exercise intensity followed an exponential function (<jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic>= 56.388e<jats:sup>\u20130.025<\/jats:sup><jats:italic><jats:italic><jats:sup>x<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>). SA as DA performed at P20 and P30 induces a bradycardia. Apnea induces an SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>decrease which is higher during DA (\u221210%) compared with SA (\u22124.4%). The decreases of SPO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>recorded during DA do not differ despite the increase in exercise intensity. An increase of [La] was observed in P30 and P40 conditions. RPE and subjective feeling remained unchanged whatever the apnea conditions might be. These results suggest that the DA performed at 30% of VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak could be the best compromise between apnea duration and exercise intensity. Then, DA training at low intensity could be added to aerobic training since, despite the moderate hypoxia, it is sufficient to induce and increase [La] generally observed during high-intensity training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.815824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T07:20:27Z","timestamp":1643095227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Exponential Relationship Between Maximal Apnea Duration and Exercise Intensity in Non-apnea Trained Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Guimard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Joulia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Prieur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gauthier","family":"Poszalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kader","family":"Helme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois J.","family":"Lhuissier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02396593","article-title":"Heart rate response to breath-holding during supramaximal exercise.","volume":"59","author":"Ahn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. 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