{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:34:13Z","timestamp":1789706053856,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n                    In 2022, 55 million Chinese children participate in campus football; however, there is no physical fitness standard, making it a priority task to enhance the current national program. This study aimed to explore a pilot method for the development of a reliable physical fitness standard.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study examined 765 male football players aged 9 to 11 in 2020 and 2022. The anthropometric and physical fitness assessments were conducted in accordance with the Chinese Football Association\u2019s field manuel. Physical fitness tests include sit and reach test,\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    test, 30\u00a0m run test, and vertical jump test. Physical fitness standard was modeled using the generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS). Data were fitted with appropriate GAMLSS distributions and smoothing term. P-splines were applied to smooth the model\u2019s parameters using the default local maximum likelihood method and link functions. Following diagnostics of fitted models, age-specific centile estimations were computed for physical fitness tests. In addition, players in each age group were categorized according to their body mass index as normal weight or overweight\/obese. Welch\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>t-<\/jats:italic>\n                    test was utilized to compare the group differences in physical fitness testing. The significance level was chosen at\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Sit and reach test,\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    test, 30\u00a0m run test, and vertical jump test data were fitted with original Sinh-Arcsinh, Box-Cox power exponential, Box-Cox power exponential, and Box-Cox Cole and Green, respectively. Physical fitness standard for each age group is presented as tabulated centiles (1p, 3p, 5p, 15p, 25p, 50p, 75p, 85p, 95p, 97p, 99p). Overweight\/obese campus football players did significantly worse (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05) on the\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    test, 30\u00a0m run test, and vertical jump test than their normal-weight peers of the same age.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study developed the first physical fitness standard for 9 to 11-year-old campus football players in China. We made three recommendations to Chinese policymakers on sample size, data management, and field procedure for the creation of a national physical fitness standard.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1023910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T04:24:52Z","timestamp":1664943892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Chinese physical fitness standard for campus football players: A pilot study of 765 children aged 9 to 11"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Te","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Gang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094962","article-title":"International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development","volume":"49","author":"Bergeron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1963.tb17079.x","article-title":"Densitometric analysis of body composition: Revision of some quantitative assumptions","volume":"110","author":"Bro\u017eek","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.746","article-title":"Worm plot: A simple diagnostic device for modelling growth reference curves","volume":"20","author":"Buuren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Chinese Men's youth player athletic ability stage evaluation","year":"2022"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Manual for measuring the athletic ability of child and adolescent football players","year":"2020"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2982992","article-title":"Fitting smoothed centile curves to reference data","volume":"151","author":"Cole","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A (Statistics Soc."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780111005","article-title":"Smoothing reference centile curves: The lms method and penalized likelihood","volume":"11","author":"Cole","year":"1992","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3504","article-title":"Age- and size-related reference ranges: A case study of spirometry through childhood and adulthood","volume":"28","author":"Cole","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280220958438","article-title":"Sample size and sample composition for constructing growth reference centiles","volume":"30","author":"Cole","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x","article-title":"WHO Child Growth Standards based on length\/height, weight and age","volume":"95","author":"de Onis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Suppl."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476637","article-title":"Modeling and inference with \u03c5-spherical distributions","volume":"90","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1998.10474117","article-title":"On bayesian modeling of fat tails and skewness","volume":"93","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.832355","article-title":"Relationship between the relative age effect and anthropometry, maturity and performance in young soccer players","volume":"32","author":"Gil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3760\/j.issn:0254-6450.2004.02.003","article-title":"Body mass index reference norm for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents","volume":"25","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-1572.2021.04.005","article-title":"Research on the high-quality development of early childhood physical education in China during the 14th five-year plan","author":"Gui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Cult. Guide"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2008.00814.x","article-title":"The relationship between physical fitness and motor competence in children","volume":"34","author":"Haga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child. Care Health Dev."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asp053","article-title":"Sinh-arcsinh distributions","volume":"96","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893541","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.893541","article-title":"Epidemiology of campus football injuries in ningxia, China: Occurrence, causes, and management","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"Let more young people love soccer [Online]","author":"Liu","year":"2022"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137238","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137238","article-title":"Soccer player characteristics in English lower-league development programmes: The relationships between relative age, maturation, anthropometry and physical fitness","volume":"10","author":"Lovell","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"Notice by the leader group of national youth campus football on issuing the key tasks in national youth campus football in 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"8","article-title":"Anthropometry and body composition of Japanese young men and women","volume":"36","author":"Nagamine","year":"1964","journal-title":"Hum. Biol."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"631","article-title":"Functional and longitudinal data analysis: Perspectives on smoothing","volume":"14","author":"Rice","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat. Sin."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1861","article-title":"Smooth centile curves for skew and kurtotic data modelled using the Box\u2013Cox power exponential distribution","volume":"23","author":"Rigby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1191\/1471082X06st122oa","article-title":"Using the Box-Cox t distribution in GAMLSS to model skewness and kurtosis","volume":"6","author":"Rigby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stat. Model."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1488454","article-title":"Age and maturity related differences in motor coordination among male elite youth soccer players","volume":"37","author":"Rommers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2006.04.017","article-title":"Physical activity and associated socio-demographic factors among school adolescents in Jiangsu Province, China","volume":"43","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"B28","volume-title":"Circular of the state Council on printing and issuing the national fitness program (2021-2025","year":"2021"},{"key":"B29","volume-title":"Notice of action plan for the construction of the eight major systems of national youth campus football[online]","year":"2020"},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Notice on the issuance of the comprehensive plan for the reform and development of Chinese football [online]","year":"2015"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.731515","article-title":"Talent identification in youth soccer","volume":"30","author":"Unnithan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1080\/02664763.2011.644530","article-title":"Modelling skewness and kurtosis with the BCPE density in GAMLSS","volume":"39","author":"Voudouris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Statistics"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.092","article-title":"Interpretation of healthy diet campaign in healthy China initiative 2019\u20132030","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.00961.x","article-title":"Relative age effect in youth soccer: Analysis of the FIFA U17 world cup competition","volume":"20","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2012.690888","article-title":"Differences in development and the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents in different socioeconomic status districts in Shandong, China","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.1023910\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T04:25:06Z","timestamp":1664943906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.1023910\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2022.1023910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.1023910","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"article-number":"1023910"}}