{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:06:49Z","timestamp":1790122009819,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R44HL132664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44HL132664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Direct quantification of hemodynamic factors applied to a cerebral aneurysm (CA) remains inaccessible due to the lack of technologies to measure the flow field within an aneurysm precisely. This study aimed to develop an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> validated 3D <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> patient-specific internal carotid artery sidewall aneurysm (ICASA) model which can be used to investigate hemodynamic factors on the CA pathophysiology.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> The validated ICASA model was developed by quantifying and comparing the flow field using particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Specifically, the flow field characteristics, i.e., blood flowrates, normalized velocity profiles, flow streamlines, and vortex locations, have been compared at representative time instants in a cardiac pulsatile period in two designated regions of the ICASA model, respectively. One region is in the internal carotid artery (ICA) inlet close to the aneurysm sac, the other is across the middle of the aneurysmal sac.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results and Discussion:<\/jats:bold> The results indicated that the developed computational fluid dynamics model presents good agreements with the results from the parallel particle image velocimetry and flowrate measurements, with relative differences smaller than 0.33% in volumetric flow rate in the ICA and relative errors smaller than 9.52% in averaged velocities in the complex aneurysmal sac. However, small differences between CFD and PIV in the near wall regions were observed due to the factors of slight differences in the 3D printed model, light reflection and refraction near arterial walls, and flow waveform uncertainties. The validated model not only can be further employed to investigate hemodynamic factors on the cerebral aneurysm pathophysiology statistically, but also provides a typical model and guidance for other professionals to evaluate the hemodynamic effects on cerebral aneurysms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1024590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T04:29:06Z","timestamp":1671510546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Developing an in vitro validated 3D in silico internal carotid artery sidewall aneurysm model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hang","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zifeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Bramlage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.57.6.0769","article-title":"Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries","volume":"57","author":"Aaslid","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. 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