{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:14:29Z","timestamp":1790802869375,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and aims:<\/jats:bold> Sex differences in the rate and occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases (e.g., stroke) indicate a role for female sex hormones (i.e., oestrogen and progesterone) in cerebrovascular function and regulation. However, it remains unclear how cerebrovascular function differs between the sexes, and between distinct phases of the menstrual cycle. This study aimed to compare cerebrovascular-CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> responsiveness in 1) females during the early follicular (EF), ovulatory (O) and mid-luteal (ML) phases of their menstrual cycle; and 2) males compared to females during phases of lower oestrogen (EF) and higher oestrogen (O).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Eleven females (25 \u00b1 5\u00a0years) complete experimental sessions in the EF (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 11), O (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 9) and ML (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 11) phases of the menstrual cycle. Nine males (22 \u00b1 3\u00a0years) completed two experimental sessions, approximately 2\u00a0weeks apart for comparison to females. Middle and posterior cerebral artery velocity (MCAv, PCAv) was measured at rest, during two stages of hypercapnia (2% and 5% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> inhalation) and hypocapnia (voluntary hyperventilation to an end-tidal CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> of 30 and 24\u00a0mmHg). The linear slope of the cerebral blood velocity response to changes in end-tidal CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was calculated to measure cerebrovascular-CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> responsiveness..<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> In females, MCAv-CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> responsiveness to hypocapnia was lower during EF (\u2212.78 \u00b1 .45\u00a0cm\/s\/mmHg) when compared to the O phase (\u22121.17 \u00b1 .52\u00a0cm\/s\/mmHg; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; .05) and the ML phase (\u22121.30 \u00b1 .82; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; .05). MCAv-CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> responsiveness to hypercapnia and hypo-to-hypercapnia, and PCAv-CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> responsiveness across the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> range were similar between menstrual phases (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2265 .20). MCAv-CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> responsiveness to hypo-to hypercapnia was greater in females compared to males (3.12 \u00b1 .91\u00a0cm\/s\/mmHg vs. 2.31 \u00b1 .46\u00a0cm\/s\/mmHg; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .03), irrespective of menstrual phase (EF or O).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Females during O and ML phases have an enhanced vasoconstrictive capacity of the MCA compared to the EF phase. Additionally, biological sex differences can influence cerebrovascular-CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> responsiveness, dependent on the insonated vessel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1035452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T19:09:22Z","timestamp":1672859362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Menstrual phase influences cerebrovascular responsiveness in females but may not affect sex differences"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bethany D.","family":"Skinner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel R. C.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel J. 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