{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:22:39Z","timestamp":1787163759658,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":248,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-communicable diseases, like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other more are a leading cause of death in almost all countries. Lifestyle factors, especially poor diet and tobacco consumption, are considered to be the most important influencing factors in the development of these diseases. The Western diet has been shown to cause a significant distortion of normal physiology, characterized by dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, and immune system, as well as disruption of physiological insulin and oxidant\/antioxidant homeostasis, all of which play critical roles in the development of these diseases. This paper addresses the question of whether the development of smoking-related non-communicable diseases follows the same pathophysiological pattern. The evidence presented shows that exposure to cigarette smoke and\/or nicotine causes the same complex dysregulation of physiology as described above, it further shows that the factors involved are strongly interrelated, and that all of these factors play a key role in the development of a broad spectrum of smoking-related diseases. Since not all smokers develop one or more of these diseases, it is proposed that this disruption of normal physiological balance represents a kind of pathogenetic \u201cbasic toolkit\u201d for the potential development of a range of non-communicable diseases, and that the decision of whether and what disease will develop in an individual is determined by other, individual factors (\u201cdeterminants\u201d), such as the genome, epigenome, exposome, microbiome, and others. The common pathophysiological pattern underlying these diseases may provide an explanation for the often poorly understood links between non-communicable diseases and disease comorbidities. The proposed pathophysiological process offers new insights into the development of non-communicable diseases and may influence the direction of future research in both prevention and therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1037750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T03:35:12Z","timestamp":1671075312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Pathogenesis of (smoking-related) non-communicable diseases\u2014Evidence for a common underlying pathophysiological pattern"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Kopp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2018.02.009","article-title":"Cigarette smoke constituents cause endothelial nitric oxide synthase dysfunction and uncoupling due to depletion of tetrahydrobiopterin with degradation of GTP cyclohydrolase","volume":"76","author":"Abdelghany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117996","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease; a review of the pathophysiological basis and therapeutic interventions","volume":"256","author":"Abeysinghe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973834","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1973834","article-title":"New insights into the role of oxidative stress mechanisms in the pathophysiology and treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"2016","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L879","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00429.2020","article-title":"Copd 2020: Changes and challenges","volume":"319","author":"Agusti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206235","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1206235","article-title":"The effect of tobacco smoking on bone mass: An overview of pathophysiologic mechanisms","volume":"2018","author":"Al-Bashaireh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Osteoporos."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10010064","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Crohn\u2019s disease and the interconnection with immunological response, microbiota, external environmental factors, and epigenetics","volume":"10","author":"Alemany-Cosme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609223","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.609223","article-title":"Patterns of toll-like receptor expressions and inflammatory cytokine levels and their implications in the progress of insulin resistance and diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"11","author":"Aly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12068","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"16","author":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physician"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6540","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i39.6540","article-title":"Concepts of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Alzoghaibi","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-013-9544-7","article-title":"Increased sympathetic nerve activity in COPD is associated with morbidity and mortality","volume":"192","author":"Andreas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0502.103333","article-title":"Insulin causes endothelial dysfunction in humans: Sites and mechanisms","volume":"105","author":"Arcaro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789174","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/789174","article-title":"Insulin resistance and cancer risk: An overview of the pathogenetic mechanisms","volume":"2012","author":"Arcidiacono","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-019-08742-z","article-title":"Toll-like receptors, infections, and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"58","author":"Arleevskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10526.x","article-title":"Smoking and pathogenesis of psoriasis: A review of oxidative, inflammatory and genetic mechanisms","volume":"165","author":"Armstrong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1993.tb00680.x","article-title":"Smoking induces insulin resistance\u2014A potential link with the insulin resistance syndrome","volume":"233","author":"Attvall","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F698","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90308.2008","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced renal angiotensin AT1 receptor upregulation causes increased stimulation of sodium transporters and hypertension","volume":"295","author":"Banday","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050965","article-title":"Oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"11","author":"Barnes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2015.06.006","article-title":"Global overview of the epidemiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"46","author":"Barquera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-006-9333-1","article-title":"Nicotine induces oxidative stress and activates nuclear transcription factor kappa B in rat mesencephalic cells","volume":"297","author":"Barr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300154","article-title":"Mechanisms of coronary thrombosis in cigarette smoke exposure","volume":"33","author":"Barua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000817","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of the autonomic nervous system","volume":"26","author":"Benarroch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00074","article-title":"Impact of cigarette smoking on the gastrointestinal tract inflammation: Opposing effects in Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"9","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2018.15","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme in innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"14","author":"Bernstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S169","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201503-126AW","article-title":"Immune dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"12","author":"Bhat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.03.017","article-title":"The interplay between Angiotensin II, TLR4 and hypertension","volume":"120","author":"Biancardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5698931","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5698931","article-title":"Does the interdependence between oxidative stress and inflammation explain the antioxidant paradox?","volume":"2016","author":"Biswas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1554928","article-title":"Inflammation and human ovarian follicular dynamics","volume":"33","author":"Boots","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2013.09.010","article-title":"The role of the sympathetic nervous system in cardiovascular disease","volume":"4","author":"Borchard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Basic Cardiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz962","article-title":"Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: A consensus statement from the European atherosclerosis society consensus panel","volume":"41","author":"Boren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000330","article-title":"The central role of arterial retention of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: A triumph of simplicity","volume":"27","author":"Bor\u00e9n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5730395","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5730395","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"2018","author":"Boukhenouna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mib.0000195975.97673.f5","article-title":"Increased insulin resistance and \u03b2 cell activity in patients with Crohn's disease","volume":"12","author":"Bregenzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/61.11.1013","article-title":"Broad expression of Toll-like receptors in the human central nervous system","volume":"61","author":"Bsibsi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e398","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp19X702725","article-title":"Comorbidity in patients with cardiovascular disease in primary care: A cohort study with routine healthcare data","volume":"69","author":"Buddeke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2021.108365","article-title":"Relationships among smoking, oxidative stress, inflammation, macromolecular damage, and cancer","volume":"787","author":"Caliri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-015-0656-4","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in osteoclastogenesis, skeletal aging and bone diseases","volume":"33","author":"Callaway","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Metab."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000179088.57586.26","article-title":"Oxidative stress mediates angiotensin II-dependent stimulation of sympathetic nerve activity","volume":"46","author":"Campese","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000066324.74807.95","article-title":"Prospective investigation of autonomic nervous system function and the development of type 2 diabetes: The atherosclerosis risk in Communities study, 1987\u20131998","volume":"107","author":"Carnethon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.3.329","article-title":"Essential hypertension: Part I: Definition and etiology","volume":"101","author":"Carretero","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108693","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108693","article-title":"Insulin resistance induced by hyperinsulinemia coincides with a persistent alteration at the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase domain","volume":"9","author":"Catalano","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1240","article-title":"Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: An analysis controlling for tobacco industry affiliation","volume":"19","author":"Cataldo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B42","volume-title":"How tobacco smoke causes disease: The biology and behavioural basis for smoking-attributable disease 2010. A report of the surgeon general","year":"2010"},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-021-02298-9","article-title":"Association between baseline insulin resistance and psoriasis incidence: the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"314","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archives of dermatological research"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1879","article-title":"Angiotensin II causes \u03b2-cell dysfunction through an ER stress-induced proinflammatory response","volume":"158","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.10.014","article-title":"Oxidative stress and the amyloid beta peptide in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Cheignon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8331","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008331","article-title":"Association between renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system blockade and future osteoporotic fracture risk in hypertensive population: A population-based cohort study in taiwan","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508409","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/508409","article-title":"Mechanisms linking inflammation to insulin resistance","volume":"2015","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12466","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cell in atherosclerosis","volume":"214","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-004-0564-8","article-title":"Renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as active components of the local synovial renin-angiotensin system in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"25","author":"Cobankara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"B232","volume-title":"WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2015","author":"Commar","year":"2015"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-021-00137-1","article-title":"Sympathetic activity in breast cancer and metastasis: Partners in crime","volume":"9","author":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C395","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00295.2001","article-title":"Peroxynitrite increases iNOS through NF-kappaB and decreases prostacyclin synthase in endothelial cells","volume":"282","author":"Cooke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001356","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2020-001356","article-title":"Relationships between hyperinsulinaemia, magnesium, vitamin D, thrombosis and COVID-19: Rationale for clinical management","volume":"7","author":"Cooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2019.004","article-title":"Correlation between physiologic and osteopathic measures of sympathetic activity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921348","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/921348","article-title":"Possible role of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in lower vitamin D levels in overweight and obese patients","volume":"2013","author":"De Pergola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1124","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00347.2013","article-title":"Norepinephrine increases NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells via \u03b1-adrenergic receptors","volume":"305","author":"Deo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3237","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063237","article-title":"Acute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in humans","volume":"19","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.25","article-title":"The effect of smoking on arterial stiffness","volume":"33","author":"Doonan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160413","article-title":"Active cigarette smoking in cognitively-normal elders and probable Alzheimer\u2019s disease is associated with elevated cerebrospinal fluid oxidative stress biomarkers","volume":"54","author":"Durazzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041509","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in pancreatic \u03b2 cell dysfunction in diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Eguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0728-6","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: A systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007\u20132017","volume":"17","author":"Einarson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640185","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.640185","article-title":"The impact of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on inflammation, coagulation, and atherothrombotic complications, and to aggravated COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Ekholm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H549","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00460.2021","article-title":"Electronic cigarette exposure causes vascular endothelial dysfunction due to NADPH oxidase activation and eNOS uncoupling","volume":"322","author":"El-Mahdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-019-0227-2","article-title":"Toll-like receptors activation, signaling, and targeting: An overview","volume":"43","author":"El-Zayat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1161\/01.atv.14.12.1946","article-title":"The insulin resistance syndrome in smokers is related to smoking habits","volume":"14","author":"Eliasson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.5.878","article-title":"Long-term use of nicotine gum is associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance","volume":"94","author":"Eliasson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90730-q","article-title":"Insulin resistance and cigarette smoking","volume":"339","author":"Facchini","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.09.068","article-title":"Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Falk","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B68","first-page":"19","article-title":"The link between osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease","volume":"5","author":"Farhat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cases Min. Bone Metab."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4219","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2381","article-title":"Relationship of sympathetic activity to bone microstructure, turnover, and plasma osteopontin levels in women","volume":"97","author":"Farr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7315","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA117.001254","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative stress causes insulin resistance without disrupting oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"293","author":"Fazakerley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1027","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00403.2011","article-title":"The world pandemic of vitamin D deficiency could possibly be explained by cellular inflammatory response activity induced by the renin-angiotensin system","volume":"304","author":"Ferder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.10.noc50112","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia provokes synchronous increases in central inflammation and \u03b2-amyloid in normal adults","volume":"62","author":"Fishel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7364","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147364","article-title":"Norepinephrine may oppose other neuromodulators to impact Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00233-1","article-title":"Targeting oxidative stress in disease: Promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy","volume":"20","author":"Forman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311401","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in metabolic and inflammatory signaling","volume":"122","author":"Forrester","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.2.112","article-title":"Acute effect of cigarette smoking on glucose tolerance and other cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"19","author":"Frati","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes care"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6275","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275","article-title":"Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Galicia-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-0295-5","article-title":"Hyperinsulinaemia in cancer","volume":"20","author":"Gallagher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00508","article-title":"Inhibition of toll-like receptor signaling as a promising therapy for inflammatory diseases: A journey from molecular to nano therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760802158448","article-title":"Chronic insulin treatment causes insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through oxidative stress","volume":"42","author":"Ge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00440","article-title":"Targeting renin\u2013angiotensin system against Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Gebre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9063-9_64","article-title":"Osteoporosis, inflammation and ageing","volume-title":"Handbook on immunosenescence","author":"Ginaldi","year":"2009"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403X14666180913120015","article-title":"Smoking and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"18","author":"Golbidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2011.12.003","article-title":"Inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome: Underpinning of insulin resistance and ovarian dysfunction","volume":"77","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e213","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2011.96","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide: A jekyll and hyde signalling molecule","volume":"2","author":"Gough","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200103000-00017","article-title":"Renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013sympathetic crosstalks in hypertension: Reappraising the relevance of peripheral interactions","volume":"19","author":"Grassi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.025","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer: Triggers, mechanisms, and consequences","volume":"51","author":"Greten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab046","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis: Time for a re-assessment","volume":"117","author":"Grootaert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673341","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.673341","article-title":"Effect of cigarette smoke on gut microbiota: State of knowledge","volume":"12","author":"Gui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12539-018-0310-7","article-title":"Selected aspects of tobacco-induced prothrombotic state, inflammation and oxidative stress: Modeled and analyzed using petri nets","volume":"11","author":"Gutowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Sci."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.01.004","article-title":"Patients with psoriasis are insulin resistant","volume":"72","author":"Gyldenl\u00f8ve","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318082","article-title":"Pathophysiology of hypertension: The mosaic theory and beyond","volume":"128","author":"Harrison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.06.001","article-title":"Oxidative stress in cancer","volume":"38","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer cell"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G774","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00053.2019","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin system promotes colonic inflammation by inducing TH17 activation via JAK2\/STAT pathway","volume":"316","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27816","article-title":"Lung carcinogenesis by tobacco smoke","volume":"131","author":"Hecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.4.2007085","article-title":"Marked sympathetic activation in patients with chronic respiratory failure","volume":"164","author":"Heindl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2129","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.10.43","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by cigarette smoke","volume":"11","author":"Hikichi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.038","article-title":"The complement system and toll-like receptors as integrated players in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis","volume":"241","author":"Hovland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102211","article-title":"Psoriasis and cardiovascular comorbidities: Focusing on severe vascular events, cardiovascular risk factors and implications for treatment","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1109345","article-title":"Noncommunicable diseases","volume":"369","author":"Hunter","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31059","article-title":"Association between long-term low-intensity cigarette smoking and incidence of smoking-related cancer in the national institutes of health-AARP cohort","volume":"142","author":"Inoue-Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020475","article-title":"The impact of cigarette smoking on risk of rheumatoid arthritis: A narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00068.x","article-title":"Angiotensin II induces superoxide anion production by mesangial cells","volume":"54","author":"Jaimes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9929.1000207","article-title":"The effect of smoking on biomarkers of (anti) oxidant status","volume":"5","author":"Jansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. mol. biomark. diagn."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386960-9.00017-4","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A vicious circle","volume":"86","author":"Janssens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3092","article-title":"Toll-like receptor status in obesity and metabolic syndrome: A translational perspective","volume":"99","author":"Jialal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010946","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010946","article-title":"Smoking and serum vitamin D in older Chinese People: Cross-sectional analysis based on the guangzhou biobank cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03685-x","article-title":"Competing factors link to bone health in polycystic ovary syndrome: Chronic low-grade inflammation takes a toll","volume":"7","author":"Kalyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2016.117","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and oxidative stress in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"4","author":"Kamceva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx374","article-title":"Linking the sympathetic nervous system to the inflammasome: Towards new therapeutics for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"39","author":"Karakas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.09.002","article-title":"Signaling to NF-kappaB by toll-like receptors","volume":"13","author":"Kawai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30231-3","article-title":"Brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders: Mechanisms and therapeutic approaches","volume":"19","author":"Kellar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet. Neurol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.15419\/bmrat.v5i4.428","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and cancer types: A review","volume":"5","author":"Khani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1212","article-title":"Reduction in insulin sensitivity following administration of the clinically used low-dose pressor, norepinephrine","volume":"27","author":"Khoury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes. Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005088","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.005088","article-title":"Associations of cigarette smoking with subclinical inflammation and atherosclerosis: ELSA-brasil (the Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health)","volume":"6","author":"Kianoush","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00169","article-title":"Lower bone mass and higher bone resorption in pheochromocytoma: Importance of sympathetic activity on human bone","volume":"102","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2014.30.3.149","article-title":"NADPH oxidase and the cardiovascular toxicity associated with smoking","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63550-2","article-title":"Increased risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in patients with psoriasis: A nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406897","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/406897","article-title":"Sympathoexcitation associated with Renin-Angiotensin system in metabolic syndrome","volume":"2013","author":"Kishi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73789-4","article-title":"Smoking cessation increases levels of osteocalcin and uncarboxylated osteocalcin in human sera","volume":"10","author":"Kiyota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.29245\/2767-5130\/2021\/2.1138","article-title":"Smoking-induced oxidative stress in bone: The effects on bone turnover","volume":"2","author":"Kohler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S216791","article-title":"How Western diet and lifestyle drive the pandemic of obesity and civilization diseases","volume":"12","author":"Kopp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz772","article-title":"Short-term e-cigarette vapour exposure causes vascular oxidative stress and dysfunction: Evidence for a close connection to brain damage and a key role of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX-2)","volume":"41","author":"Kuntic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/125399","article-title":"Electronic cigarette exposure on insulin sensitivity of ApoE gene knockout mice","volume":"18","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tob. Induc. Dis."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154","article-title":"Appraising the causal role of smoking in multiple diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of mendelian randomization studies","volume":"82","author":"Larsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073451","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. A forthcoming immune-driven theory in full effect","volume":"22","author":"Lazaridis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa025","article-title":"Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: A worldwide perspective","volume":"116","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E242","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1994.266.2.E242","article-title":"Acute noradrenergic activation induces insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle","volume":"266","author":"Lembo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777606","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.777606","article-title":"Role of toll-like receptors in neuroimmune diseases: Therapeutic targets and problems","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.12891\/ceog16592014","article-title":"Association of sympathetic nervous system activity with polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110507","article-title":"Nicotine induces insulin resistance via downregulation of Nrf2 in cardiomyocyte","volume":"495","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S158513","article-title":"Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases","volume":"13","author":"Liguori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2018777","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.18777","article-title":"Association of cigarette smoking with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and oxidation","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00072","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8090378","article-title":"Analysis of oxidative stress-related markers in Crohn\u2019s disease patients at surgery and correlations with clinical findings","volume":"8","author":"Luceri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.3.1.41","article-title":"Influence of smoking on insulin requirement and metbolic status in diabetes mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Madsbad","year":"1980","journal-title":"Diabetes care"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-020-00408-8","article-title":"Insulin resistance the hinge between hypertension and type 2 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Mancusi","year":"2020","journal-title":"High. Blood Press. Cardiovasc. Prev."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.02.014","article-title":"The renin angiotensin aldosterone system in hypertension: Roles of insulin resistance and oxidative stress","volume":"93","author":"Manrique","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667066","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.667066","article-title":"Unhealthy lifestyle and gut dysbiosis: A better understanding of the effects of poor diet and nicotine on the intestinal microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Martinez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0152925","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152925","article-title":"Increased reactive oxygen species formation and oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Mateen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105223","article-title":"Activation of angiotensin II type-2 receptor protects against cigarette smoke-induced COPD","volume":"161","author":"Mei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.06.1201","article-title":"Adverse effects of cigarette and noncigarette smoke exposure on the autonomic nervous system: Mechanisms and implications for cardiovascular risk","volume":"64","author":"Middlekauff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B143","first-page":"3924","article-title":"Insulin receptor expression and function in human breast cancer cell lines","volume":"52","author":"Milazzo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0244-2","article-title":"The global epidemiology of hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/20.7.1331","article-title":"Smoking disturbs mitochondrial respiratory chain function and enhances lipid peroxidation on human circulating lymphocytes","volume":"20","author":"Mir\u00f3","year":"1999","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617588","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.617588","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Misrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-020-01132-y","article-title":"Role of the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system in bone metabolism","volume":"38","author":"Mo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Metab."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16214","article-title":"Toll-like receptors (TLRs): An old family of immune receptors with a new face in cancer pathogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577362","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"348","author":"Momtazmanesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6619","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06672-8","article-title":"The role of renin angiotensin system in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"48","author":"Moreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1103","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00636.2012","article-title":"ANG II causes insulin resistance and induces cardiac metabolic switch and inefficiency: A critical role of PDK4","volume":"304","author":"Mori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7958","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217958","article-title":"Neurobiology of cancer: The role of \u03b2-adrenergic receptor signaling in various tumor environments","volume":"21","author":"Mravec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2147\/PTT.S85189","article-title":"Psoriasis and smoking: Links and risks","volume":"6","author":"Naldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PsoriasisAuckl. NZ)"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.03.008","article-title":"Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987\u20132007)","volume":"21","author":"Nance","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479354","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/479354","article-title":"Insulin resistance and skin diseases","volume":"2015","author":"Napolitano","year":"2015","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd6020014","article-title":"An update on the tissue renin angiotensin system and its role in physiology and pathology","volume":"6","author":"Nehme","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164119827611","article-title":"Insulin resistance and insulin hypersecretion in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: Time for a conceptual framework shift","volume":"16","author":"Nolan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7902","DOI":"10.17795\/ijcp-7902","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms of tobacco in cancer pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Nooshinfar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R895","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00099.2018","article-title":"Nicotine and the renin-angiotensin system","volume":"315","author":"Oakes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.11.010","article-title":"Oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis: Central and peripheral mode of action","volume":"277","author":"Ohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2007.12","article-title":"Oxidative stress contributes to renovascular hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Oliveira-Sales","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18014","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.14","article-title":"Hypertension","volume":"4","author":"Oparil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0762-4","article-title":"Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Ormazabal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-2215-7-21","article-title":"Resveratrol potentiates effects of simvastatin on inhibition of rat ovarian theca-interstitial cells steroidogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Ortega","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689360","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/689360","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in vascular inflammation and remodeling","volume":"2014","author":"Pacurari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Inflam."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-018-0004-6","article-title":"Chronic cigarette smoking-induced oxidative\/nitrosative stress in human erythrocytes and platelets","volume":"14","author":"Padmavathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Toxicol."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.01.003","article-title":"Neuroendocrine regulation of inflammation","volume":"26","author":"Padro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15774","article-title":"Review article: Impact of cigarette smoking on intestinal inflammation - direct and indirect mechanisms","volume":"51","author":"Papoutsopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2015.30.9.1213","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction: Clinical implications in cardiovascular disease and therapeutic approaches","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.091","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS): The ubiquitous system for homeostasis and pathologies","volume":"94","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2015.04.003","article-title":"A major role of insulin in promoting obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Pedersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1781","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00930.2008","article-title":"Superoxide-mediated inactivation of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite formation by tobacco smoke in vascular endothelium: Studies in cultured cells and smokers","volume":"296","author":"Peluffo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-015-9665-1","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia in newly diagnosed patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Penesova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006091026","article-title":"Insulin induces renal vasodilation, increases plasma renin activity, and sensitizes the renal vasculature to angiotensin receptor blockade in healthy subjects","volume":"18","author":"Perlstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab244","article-title":"Nicotine promotes vascular calcification via intracellular Ca2+-mediated, Nox5-induced oxidative stress, and extracellular vesicle release in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"118","author":"Petsophonsakul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1159\/000431091","article-title":"Immunology of osteoporosis: A mini-review","volume":"62","author":"Pietschmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaan5616","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan5616","article-title":"Targeting the renin-angiotensin system to improve cancer treatment: Implications for immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Pinter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6206","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176206","article-title":"Oxidative stress as an important contributor to the pathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"21","author":"Ple\u0144kowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6702","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136702","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin system in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and treatment of CVD","volume":"22","author":"Poznyak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8070206","article-title":"NADPH oxidases and their role in atherosclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Poznyak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13613","article-title":"Impacts of cigarette smoking on immune responsiveness: Up and down or upside down?","volume":"8","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.07.019","article-title":"The renin angiotensin system, oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"1863","author":"Ramalingam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R653","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-19-0314","article-title":"Mechanisms linking the renin-angiotensin system, obesity, and breast cancer","volume":"26","author":"Rasha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-1097(02)02982-0","article-title":"Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia: The key player between cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease?","volume":"41","author":"Reaven","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1159\/000481206","article-title":"Cigarette smoking attenuates kidney protection by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease","volume":"46","author":"Roehm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1991.tb01391.x","article-title":"The effects of low dose insulin infusions on the renin angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems in normal man","volume":"21","author":"Rooney","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4271","article-title":"Association between cigarette smoking and multiple sclerosis: A review","volume":"77","author":"Rosso","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29912","article-title":"Pathophysiological roles of chronic low-grade inflammation mediators in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"236","author":"Rostamtabar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413735","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/413735","article-title":"Inflammation and immune response in COPD: Where do we stand?","volume":"2013","author":"Rovina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.30.3.219","article-title":"Effect of insulin and glucose infusions on sympathetic nervous system activity in normal man","volume":"30","author":"Rowe","year":"1981","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-0518-9_ch4","article-title":"Tobacco and cardiovascular disease: A summary of evidence","volume":"1","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Respir. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S197164","article-title":"Downregulated level of insulin in COPD patients during AE; role beyond glucose control?","volume":"14","author":"Ruan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk2020015","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia-like conditions independently induce inflammatory responses in human chondrocytes","volume":"2","author":"Rufino","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.08.014","article-title":"Metabolomic profile of insulin resistance in patients with multiple sclerosis is associated to the severity of the disease","volume":"25","author":"Ruiz-Arg\u00fcelles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.393","article-title":"Heavy smoking in midlife and long-term risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia","volume":"171","author":"Rusanen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30200","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030200","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species stimulate insulin secretion in rat pancreatic islets: Studies using mono-oleoyl-glycerol","volume":"7","author":"Saadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-015-0125-9","article-title":"The relation between insulin resistance and lung function: A cross sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Sagun","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.03.038","article-title":"Modulation of endothelial function by Toll like receptors","volume":"108","author":"Salvador","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B199","first-page":"237","article-title":"Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Samadian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.01.001","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome: Pathogenic role of androgen excess and potential therapeutic strategies","volume":"35","author":"Sanchez-Garrido","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00023.2016","article-title":"The ACE2\/Angiotensin-(1-7)\/Mas axis of the renin-angiotensin system: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7)","volume":"98","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4137\/CCRPM.S22803","article-title":"Osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"9","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights. Circ. Respir. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199219006-00013","article-title":"Interaction between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems","volume":"19","author":"Saxena","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52614","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052614","article-title":"Whole cigarette smoke increased the expression of TLRs, HBDs, and proinflammory cytokines by human gingival epithelial cells through different signaling pathways","volume":"7","author":"Semlali","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27552","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27552","article-title":"Activation of the renin-angiotensin system promotes colitis development","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628157","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.628157","article-title":"Beneficial and detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species on lifespan: A comprehensive review of comparative and experimental studies","volume":"9","author":"Shields","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S249131","article-title":"The role of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"15","author":"Sidletskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14159","article-title":"The role of the renin-angiotensin system in skin physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"29","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.11.1296","article-title":"Interactions between the renin-angiotensin system and dyslipidemia: Relevance in the therapy of hypertension and coronary heart disease","volume":"163","author":"Singh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L837","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00091.2015","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia adversely affects lung structure and function","volume":"310","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164117701876","article-title":"The impact of smoking on the development of diabetes and its complications","volume":"14","author":"\u015aliwi\u0144ska-Mosso\u0144","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2006.01687.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease: Common links","volume":"260","author":"Stampfer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14942","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903602106","article-title":"Role of the renin-angiotensin system in autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system","volume":"106","author":"Stegbauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824624","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1824624","article-title":"The role of toll-like receptors in skin host defense, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis","volume":"2019","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ca. Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E576","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00725.2007","article-title":"Is polycystic ovary syndrome associated with high sympathetic nerve activity and size at birth?","volume":"294","author":"Sverrisdottir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.07.064","article-title":"Psoriasis and comorbid diseases: Epidemiology","volume":"76","author":"Takeshita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H388","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00868.2010","article-title":"Chronic cigarette smoking causes hypertension, increased oxidative stress, impaired NO bioavailability, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiac remodeling in mice","volume":"300","author":"Talukder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2017.12.002","article-title":"Targeting the renin\u2013angiotensin system as novel therapeutic strategy for pulmonary diseases","volume":"40","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13746-w","article-title":"Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) as a novel modulator of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis synovium","volume":"7","author":"Terenzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31711-1","article-title":"Crohn's disease","volume":"389","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.02.081","article-title":"Oxidative stress: A unifying paradigm in hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Touyz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672519","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.672519","article-title":"Insulin signaling in arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Tripolino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642416","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/642416","article-title":"Pathophysiology of resistant hypertension: The role of sympathetic nervous system","volume":"2011","author":"Tsioufis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8047","article-title":"NADPH oxidase inhibition: Preclinical and clinical studies in diabetic complications","volume":"33","author":"Urner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1568-2_14","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation can fuel cancer","volume":"1","author":"Vaidya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Role Oxidative Stress Pathophysiol. Dis."},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00858","article-title":"OxInflammation: From subclinical condition to pathological biomarker","volume":"9","author":"Valacchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.983","article-title":"Defining comorbidity: Implications for understanding health and health services","volume":"7","author":"Valderas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105828","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/105828","article-title":"Inflammation and oxidative stress: The molecular connectivity between insulin resistance, obesity, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2015","author":"Verdile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2016.1021","article-title":"Vitamin D and chronic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-36","article-title":"Role of chymase in cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary artery remodeling and pulmonary hypertension in hamsters","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315896","article-title":"Metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity","volume":"126","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-018-0270-9","article-title":"Acute tobacco smoke exposure exacerbates the inflammatory response to corneal wounds in mice via the sympathetic nervous system","volume":"2","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers6021138","article-title":"Mechanisms of cancer induction by tobacco-specific NNK and NNN","volume":"6","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.fp0061055","article-title":"Oxidants in the gas phase of cigarette smoke pass through the lung alveolar wall and raise systemic oxidative stress","volume":"103","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L46","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00241.2005","article-title":"Cigarette smoke induces proinflammatory cytokine release by activation of NF-kappaB and posttranslational modifications of histone deacetylase in macrophages","volume":"291","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000231307.69761.2e","article-title":"Oxidative stress mediates the stimulation of sympathetic nerve activity in the phenol renal injury model of hypertension","volume":"48","author":"Ye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00058","article-title":"Metabolic health, insulin, and breast cancer: Why oncologists should care about insulin","volume":"11","author":"Yee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9794","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189794","article-title":"Nitrosative stress and human disease: Therapeutic potential of denitrosylation","volume":"22","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-1940-y","article-title":"The effects of smoking on bone metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2004.08.020","article-title":"Evidence for functional nicotinic receptors on pancreatic \u03b2 cells","volume":"54","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320315576256","article-title":"Activation of renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system (RAAS) in the lung of smoking-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) rats","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Renin. Angiotensin. Aldosterone. Syst."},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520964024","article-title":"Impact of smoking on psoriasis risk and treatment efficacy: A meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X12450094","article-title":"Link between the renin\u2013angiotensin system and insulin resistance: Implications for cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010053","article-title":"Bisphosphonates reduce smoking-induced osteoporotic-like alterations by regulating RANKL\/OPG in an osteoblast and osteoclast co-culture model","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L205","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00330.2013","article-title":"Interrelated role of cigarette smoking, oxidative stress, and immune response in COPD and corresponding treatments","volume":"307","author":"Zuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.1037750\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T03:35:22Z","timestamp":1671075322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.1037750\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"references-count":248,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2022.1037750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.1037750","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"article-number":"1037750"}}