{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T23:05:28Z","timestamp":1792710328052,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Atrial fibrosis plays an important role in the development and persistence of atrial fibrillation by promoting reentry. Primary cilia have been identified as a regulator of fibroblasts (FB) activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. We hypothesized that selective reduction of primary cilia causes increased fibrosis and facilitates reentry.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The aim of this study was to disrupt the formation of primary cilia in FB and examine its consequences on ECM and conduction in a co-culture system of cardiomyocytes (CM) and FB.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Using short interfering RNA (siRNA), we removed primary cilia in neonatal rat ventricular FB by reducing the expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Ift88<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene required for ciliary assembly. We co-cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (CM) with FB previously transfected with\n                    <jats:italic>Ift88<\/jats:italic>\n                    siRNA (siIft88) or negative control siRNA (siNC) for 48\u00a0h. We examined the consequences of ciliated fibroblasts reduction on conduction and tissue remodeling by performing electrical mapping, microelectrode, and gene expression measurements.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Transfection of FB with siIft88 resulted in a significant 60% and 30% reduction of relative\n                    <jats:italic>Ift88<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in FB and CM-FB co-cultures, respectively, compared to siNC. Knockdown of\n                    <jats:italic>Ift88<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly increased the expression of ECM genes\n                    <jats:italic>Fn1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Col1a1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Ctgf<\/jats:italic>\n                    by 38%, 30% and 18%, respectively, in comparison to transfection with siNC. Conduction velocity (CV) was significantly decreased in the siIft88 group in comparison to siNC [11.12 \u00b1 4.27\u00a0cm\/s (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 10) vs. 17.00 \u00b1 6.20 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 10) respectively,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05]. The fraction of sites with interelectrode activation block was larger in the siIft88 group than in the siNC group (6.59 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b1 8.01 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    vs. 1.18 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b1 3.72 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    respectively,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). We documented spontaneous reentrant arrhythmias in two cultures in the siIft88 group and in none of the siNC group. Action potentials were not significantly different between siNC and siIft88 groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Disruption of cilia formation by siIft88 causes ECM remodeling and conduction abnormalities. Prevention of cilia loss could be a target for prevention of arrhythmias.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1057200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T02:14:26Z","timestamp":1668651266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Knockdown of Ift88 in fibroblasts causes extracellular matrix remodeling and decreases conduction velocity in cardiomyocyte monolayers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Auriane C.","family":"Ernault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makiri","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Fabrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Monta\u00f1\u00e9s-Agudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley C. M.","family":"Amersfoorth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rushd F. M.","family":"Al-Shama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Coronel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joris R.","family":"De Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.98.10.946","article-title":"Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: The framingham heart study","volume":"98","author":"Benjamin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.09.064","article-title":"Atrial fibrosis: Mechanisms and clinical relevance in atrial fibrillation","volume":"51","author":"Burstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. 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