{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:09:49Z","timestamp":1790417389415,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Rodent models of cardiovascular disease have uncovered various types of lymphatic vessel dysfunction that occur in association with atherosclerosis, type II diabetes and obesity. Previously, we presented\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    evidence for impaired lymphatic drainage in apolipoprotein E null (\n                    <jats:italic>ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    ) mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). Whether this impairment relates to the dysfunction of collecting lymphatics remains an open question. The\n                    <jats:italic>ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    mouse is a well-established model of cardiovascular disease, in which a diet rich in fat and cholesterol on an\n                    <jats:italic>ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n                    deficient background accelerates the development of hypercholesteremia, atherosclerotic plaques and inflammation of the skin and other tissues. Here, we investigated various aspects of lymphatic function using\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    tests of collecting lymphatic vessels from\n                    <jats:italic>ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>+\/+<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    mice fed a HFD.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Popliteal collectors were excised from either strain and studied under defined conditions in which we could quantify changes in lymphatic contractile strength, lymph pump output, secondary valve function, and collecting vessel permeability.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Our results show that all these aspects of lymphatic vessel function are altered in deleterious ways in this model of hypercholesterolemia.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    These findings extend previous\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    observations suggesting significant dysfunction of lymphatic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells from collecting vessels in association with a HFD on an\n                    <jats:italic>ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n                    -deficient background. An implication of our study is that collecting vessel dysfunction in this context may negatively impact the removal of cholesterol by the lymphatic system from the skin and the arterial wall and thereby exacerbate the progression and\/or severity of atherosclerosis and associated inflammation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1098408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T09:07:35Z","timestamp":1672996055000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Multiple aspects of lymphatic dysfunction in an ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 mouse model of hypercholesterolemia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua P.","family":"Scallan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Castorena-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lim Hwee","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeo Kim","family":"Pin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronique","family":"Angeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0835-5","article-title":"Modulation of vascular reactivity by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT)","volume":"20","author":"Agabiti-Rosei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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